Blood Physiology Rodolfo T. Rafael, M.D.,CFP http://clinical-updates.blogspot.com rtrafaelmd@gmail.com +639212147558 July 26, 2006 1
Blood Physiology General Consideration Plasma Cellular Elements of the Blood July 26, 2006 2
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General Consideration unicellular organisms nutrition and excretion volume of the extracellular environment greatly exceeds that of the cell multicellular organisms specialized tissue July 26, 2006 4
Unicellular Organism July 26, 2006 5
Functions of the Blood homeostasis respiratory function nutritive function excretory function transport internal secretions helps maintain acid-base balance maintenance of water and electrolyte imbalance and in regulation of colloid and total osmotic pressure immunity to disease and protect the body against bacteria regulation of the body temperature July 26, 2006 6
Composition of the Blood Plasma Formed Elements July 26, 2006 7
Plasma Water Plasma proteins Blood sugar Lipids Inorganic salts Special Plasma Substances Gases July 26, 2006 8
Water 91-92% July 26, 2006 9
Plasma Proteins liver albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, and prothrombin Function maintenance of water balance Imparts a viscosity to the blood sources of antibodies blood clotting maintain acid-base balance July 26, 2006 10
Blood Sugar glucose source of energy July 26, 2006 11
Lipids neutral fats, cholesterol, and phospholipids supply energy or stored as fat July 26, 2006 12
Inorganic Salts Calcium ions and the Sodium ions Salt ions (chlorides, bicarbonates, phosphates, sulfates) Electrolytes (sodium, calcium, potassium, and magnesium) Calcium ions and phosphates Iodides and Iron July 26, 2006 13
Special Plasma Substances hormones enzymes clotting elements antibodies urea uric acid creatinine July 26, 2006 14
Gases oxygen carbon dioxide nitrogen July 26, 2006 15
Formed Elements Red Cell or Erythrocytes WBC or Leucocytes Blood Platelets or Thombocytes July 26, 2006 16
Red Blood Cell Description Normal Values Red Cell Production Red Blood Cell Destruction Osmotic Fragility Function of Erythrocytes July 26, 2006 17
Description biconcave discs, 2µm thick 8μm in diameter deformable (PGE 1, PGE 2 ) carry hemoglobin in circulation 1 liter- 3ml of dissolved O 2 hemoglobin can transport 70 times this amount 20 ml of O 2 = 100ml of blood non- nucleated July 26, 2006 18
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Normal Values Men 5-6 x 10 12 /L of blood Women 4-5 x 10 12 /L of blood Infants 6.5 x 10 12 /L of blood Hemoglobin 120-150g/L (female) 140-170g/L (male) Erythrocyte (Hct) 0.38-0.48 (female) 0.40-0.50 (male) July 26, 2006 22
Red Cell Production yolk sac of the embryo few weeks liver, spleen, lymph node middle trimester bone marrow of skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum later part of pregnancy July 26, 2006 23
Erythropoiesis Hemocytoblast basophil erythroblast polychromatophil erythroblast normoblast reticulocyte erythrocytes July 26, 2006 24
FeedBack Control inhibited supernormal level stimulated anemia hypoxemia controlled erythropoetin July 26, 2006 25
Hypoxemia kidney liver REF Globulin Erythropoietin Stem cells Erythrocytes July 26, 2006 26
Red Blood Cell Destruction Life span 120 days Destruction 2.5M/sec 1% of red cells/day Spleen Mechanical and Chemical stresses friction July 26, 2006 27
Osmotic Fragility hypertonic solution hypotonic solution isotonic solution Fragility Index 0.45-0.38% NaCL 0.36-0.30% NaCl July 26, 2006 28
Primary Function of Erythrocytes transport hemoglobin carries oxygen carbon dioxide July 26, 2006 29
White Blood Cell Description Classes of Leucocytes Normal Values Origin Life span Function of Leucocytes July 26, 2006 30
Description nucleated July 26, 2006 31
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Classes of Leucocytes non-granular lymphocytes monocytes granular neutrophils basophils eosinophils July 26, 2006 33
Normal Values WBC 5-10 x 10 9 /L of blood basophils 0.005 eosinophils 0.02-0.04 stabs 0.02 0.04 segmenters 0.45-0.65 lymphocytes 0.20-0.35 monocytes 0.02-0.06 July 26, 2006 34
Origin granular red bone marrow non- granular lymphatic tissue (lymph nodes, tonsils, payer s patches, spleen and thymus) July 26, 2006 35
Life span Granulocytes two weeks Large lymphocytes 2-3 days small ones 100-200 days July 26, 2006 36
Function of Leucocytes Neutrophils phagocytic Lymphocytes non phagocytes immune reactions antibodies tissue transplant Monocytes phagocytic combating chronic infection July 26, 2006 37
Monocytes arrive at the site of infection few organelles form these organelles small granules rough endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes synthesize enzymes used to digest material ingested by monocytes July 26, 2006 38
Eosinophils phagocytic allergic reaction Antibody react with antigen inactivate it eosinophil gets rid of inactivated complex July 26, 2006 39
Basophils heparin phagocytes July 26, 2006 40
Blood Platelets Description Normal Values Origin Life span Functions July 26, 2006 41
Description small colorless bodies 2-4 microns in diameter July 26, 2006 42
Normal Values 200-400 x 10 9 /L thrombocytopenia July 26, 2006 43
Origin megakaryocytes July 26, 2006 44
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Life Span 4-5 days July 26, 2006 46
Function white thrombus or a platelet plug thromboplastin essential for blood coagulation Serotonin Helps in clot retraction July 26, 2006 47
Platelet Aggregation occurs before clotting agglutination on platelets depend on several factors: rate of flow size of the blood vessel character of the vessel wall presence of ADP July 26, 2006 48
A + P ADP Acts as local hormone Calcium Cause rapid platelet aggregation Platelet Adhere July 26, 2006 49
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Thank You! For Not Listening July 26, 2006 51