GROUND WATER FLUORIDE ANALYSIS AND PROPOSAL OF HOUSE HOLD TREATMENT METHOD IN ERODE DISTRICT Meiyappan T 1, Sakthivel S 2 1( Environmental engineering, Anna university, Chennai India, enviromei@gmail.com) 2 (Department of civil engineering, Anna university, Chennai India, vel.sakthivel1989@gmail.com) Abstract Fluorine, a fairly common element of the earth s crust, is present in the form of fluorides in a number of minerals and in many rocks. Excess fluoride in drinking-water causes harmful effects. The high fluoride levels in drinking-water and its impact on human health in many parts of India have increased the importance of defluoridation studies. According to norms allowable fluoride concentration in ground water is 1.5 ppm as per WHO norms. Dahrmapuri, and salem, districts are having rich fluoride exceed the WHO norms as per GIS data. The fluoride -bearing minerals or fluoride-rich minerals in the rocks and soils are the cause of high fluoride content in the groundwater, which is the main source of drinking-water in India. The present study aimed to find a concentration of fluoride in ground water in erode district and suitable low-cost environmentally friendly method for the removal of fluoride in the groundwater that is used by common man. Keywords Fluorine; harmful ;defluoridation ;groundwater 1. INTRODUCTION About 8% of the diseases in the world are due to poor quality of drinking water, and the fluoride contamination in drinking water is responsible for 65% of endemic fluorosis in the world. Fluorosis is a slow, progressive, crippling malady, which affects every organ, tissue and cell in the body and results in health complaints having overlapping manifestations with several diseases The amount of fluoride present naturally in drinking water is highly variable, depending on the specific geological environment from which the water is obtained. In nonfluoridated drinking water (i.e., drinking water to which fluoride has not been intentionally added for the prevention of dental caries) levels may reach up to about 2. mg/litre. However, some places can have fluoride levels in drinking water of up to 2 mg/litre. In areas in which drinking water is fluoridated, the concentration of fluoride in drinking water generally ranges from.7 to 1.2 mg/litre. Fluorosis disease is mainly of two types. a. Dental fluorosis (Fluoride intake > 1.5 ppm) b. Skeletal fluorosis (Fluoride > 3. ppm) A. Dental fluorosis Tooth enamel is principally made up of hydroxyapatite (87%) which is crystallinecalcium phosphate (Brudevold and Soremark, 1967 ). Fluoride which is more stable than hydroxyapatitedisplaces the hydroxide ions from hydroxyapatite to form fluoroapatite. On prolongedcontinuation of this process the teeth become hard and brittle. This is called dental fluorosis. Dental fluorosis in the initial stages results in the tooth becoming coloured from yellow to brown to black. B. Skeletal fluorosis Exposure to very high fluoride over a prolonged period of time results in acute to chronic skeletal fluorosis. It was stated in 1993 that crippling skeletal fluorosis might occur in people who have ingested 1 to 2 mg of fluoride per day for over 1 to 2 years (National Research Council, 1993). India and China has been largely affected by crippling skeletal fluorosis with 2.7million people being affected in China. Of the 32 states in India, 17 have been identified asendemic areas with 6 million people affected by skeletal fluorosis C. Need for the study The disease fluorosis has now become a global problem and the health impairment due to fluorosis has occurred in the citizens of about 25 nations across the globe, and more than 2 million people worldwide are at the risk of fluorosis. in India many states are endemic fluorosis, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar and Kerala. In Tamil Nadu, the high concentration of fluoride in water is found to be in Dharmapuri and Salem district followed by Coimbatore, Madurai, Trichy, Dindugal and Chidambaram districts. i. This project work attempts to prove the contamination of ground water due to the excessive presence of fluoride at district. ii. Scarcity of safe drinking water and contamination of ground water is major problems at present in that site. iii. Fluoride contamination in potable water is prevalent in many villages. iv. As per Indian standards the desirable concentration of fluoride in drinking water is less than 1 mg/l and the permissible limit is the absence of any other sources is 1.5 mg/l Volume: 3 Issue: 9 216 www.ijmtes.com 82
v. The scope of this study is to estimate the fluoride exposure through ground water and to elucidate the fluoride endemic areas through mapping and graph Therefore, present study was started with the aim of investigating fluoride concentration in water from district, Tamil Nadu, India. 2.REVIEW OF LITERATURE Augustine et al., (213): This study was attempted to find out the contribution of fluoride from various sources such as drinking water, staple food grains, cooked rice, green leafy vegetables and cow milk in the selected area of the study. Percentage of incidence of fluorosis was estimated using a clinical survey. Calculated community fluorosis index values in all the 22 villages were greater than the accepted index value. Fluoride intake from all manor dietary sources of different age groups such as infants, children, adolescents, adults and aged above 7 was determined Shrivastava et al., (29): This study was undertaken to analyze and select most appropriate method for removal of fluorides in rural areas. Five methods were analyzed in details with mechanism and limitations. The methods are Activated Alumina, Red Mud, Montmorillonite, Nalagonda Technique and Magnesia. The Study reveals that magnesia is the most appropriate fluoride treatment device for rural areas. Alagappan sethuraman et al., (213): This study was undertaken to analyze fluoride levels in the Uppanar estuary water in Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu, India. Forty five water samples from different villages located near SIPCOT Industrial Zone, Cuddalore, were collected and analyzed for fluoride contamination.water samples were collected during May to June in 28. It was recorded that in the water of Thaikkal village fluoride concentration were ranged between 1.8 and 2.4 mg/l, and in Kudikadu values of fluoride concentration were between 1.1and 2.1 mg/l. Moreover, the fluoride concentration in water near the SIPCOT Zone ranged between 1. and 1.7 mg/l. Shikha Modi et al., (213): The problem of excess fluoride in ground water was detected in many states of India as early as 193s.Till 1999 as many as 17 states have been identified with the problem of excess fluoride in ground water sources. After view of problems related fluorosis many methods used for removal of excess of fluoride from drinking water in India. In this paper compile all the merits and demerits of some defluoridation methods including Nalgonda method, Activated Alumina, bone char, fly ash, brick and reverse osmosis methods etc. 3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY The methodology of the project as follows SELECTION OF LOCATION SAMPLE COLLECTION Fig. 1 Flow chart of the Methodology A. Procedure to be collect sample Excess fluoride limits are typically found in groundwater, so look for a groundwater source of drinking water such as open wells, bore wells or tube wells. If you are collecting the sample from a tap (supplied by a bore well) ensure that the water sample is collected before it is treated/purified. Wash a plastic bottle at least 2-3 times with water. Each bottle should have a tight stopper or cap. Fill the bottle with the water sample to be analyzed and cap it. Note the date and time of water collection and the location of water source (nearest postal address with pin code). Also note type of water source (e.g. open well/bore well/tube well). It is important to note the exact postal address and pin code of the location from where the water sample has been collected, as it will help us correctly put up the results on an online map at the end of this water quality testing programme Label the date and time of water collection and location details on the bottle B. Basic parameters analysis Below parameters to be analyzed from bore well water sample 1) Fluorides 2) TDS 3) Turbidity 4) P H 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Samples are collected from around erode district. Fluoride concentration, P H, Turbidity, and Total dissolved solids Methods of fluoride analysis in house hold level A. CLAY POT METHOD BASIC PARAMETERS ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS PROPOSAL OF EFFECTIVE AND SUITABLE TREATMENT a.. Clay pot method b. Moringa oliefra methods Clay-pots have, especially in the past, been widely used for the transport and storage of drinking water. Inexpensive, locally made ceramics may improve the quality of the water: apart from keeping water relatively cool, the clay pots may reduce the fluoride content of the water.the fluoride binding effect of clay-ware is influenced by factors such as physicochemical composition of the clay and the firing temperature in the kiln.sample taken in initial days, after second and Volume: 3 Issue: 9 216 www.ijmtes.com 83
fourth days from clay pot. Fluoride concentration, PH, turbidity and total dissolved solids values are observed and tabulated, graphical representation also done. 3 2.5 2 1.5 1.5 Fluoride concentration (Clay pot method).89.82.79.72.92.86.72.7.76.71 2 4 Fig. 2 Clay pot NTU 3. 2.5 2. 1.5 1..5. Turbidity Perundurai Fig.3 Turbidity in clay pot method 2 4 Fig. 5 Fluoride concentration in clay pot method B. Moringa oliefra method Dried Moringa Oleifera seeds were obtained locally and kept in an oven at 5C for 12 hrs or grind. The seeds were made into powder and sieved through 75 G sieve to get uniform size. In order to obtain an extract of Moringa Oleifera nut powder first 1 g of Moringa powder was suspended in HCI and NaOH solution of normality (.5N, 1N, 2N, 3N, 4N and 5N) and observed visually for dissolution of Moringa Oleifera powder. It was observed that.5n HCI was more effective in dissolving Moringa Oleifera powder. C. Experimental Methodology All the experiments were conducted at room temperature (29±2C). 1,2,3,4,and 5 are selected for dosing. Six one litre flask are selected for jar test. First one is blank. Selected ppm are dosed. Sample are rapidly mixed for one minutes at 1 rpm. Again sample mixed 75 rpm at 1 minutes, and 2rpm at 2 minutes. Fluoride concentration was estimated by SPADNS method (APHA) using SHIMADZU spectrophotometer. Total Dissolved Solids 8 6 4 2 Perundurai 2 4 Fig.4 Total Dissolved Solids in clay pot method Fig.6 Jar test apparatus Volume: 3 Issue: 9 216 www.ijmtes.com 84
Table.1 Fluoride concentration reduction from moringa oliefra (jar test) method Moringa oliefra seeds powder are available in local market. After completing jar test procedure samples are rest for two hours for settling. After settlement process sample collect and check turbidity and fluoride concentration of each sample. 3. 2.5 2. 1.5 1..5. Fluoride reduction from moringa oliefra(jar test) method Fluoride concentration in ppm 1 2 Perundu Fig. 7 Fluoride concentration in moringa oliefra method D. clay pot vs moringa oliefra seeds 3 FLUORIDE CONCENTRATION 4 5 1.8 1.5 1.34 1.12 1.4.92 1.6 1.14 1.11 1.4.95.89 2. 1.62 1.3 1.15.98.86 1.7 1.24 1.11.94.86.8 2.6 1.96 1.3 1.16 1.2.94 Perundurai 2.2 1.72 1.34 1.23.94.92 1.6 1.21 1.6.92.85.88 1.8 1.4.94.9.81.94 1.7 1.3 1.14.92.87.82 1.65 1.2.96.89.8.87 1 2 3 4 5 Clay pot is a best method compare to moringa oliefra seeds method. If we need instant fluoride reduction moringa oliefra seeds methods are best method. Clay pot is anciently used. Now a day only very rural area people are used clay pot. Due to less durability and heavy weight compare to other vessels, it is ignore. But clay pot is having best natural water treatment capacity. Its help to reduce not only fluoride, it can reduce turbidity, TDS and hardness of the water. Clay pot and moringa oliefra method is a best method in house hold water treatment 1..8.6.4.2. Fig. 8 Fluoride concentration- clay pot vs moringa oliefra D. Advantage: 1. Both methods are economical. 2. Technical knowledge is not required. 3. Very less space is required 4. We can get best results. 5. This methods are environmental friendly. 6. Natural materials are used in this method. 5. CONCLUSION In this study is helps to find best economical methods of fluoride concentration reduction in house hold level. It is evident from studies by several researchers worldwide that fluoride in groundwater has been a potential problem to human society. The main source of fluoride in groundwater is the rocks which are rich in fluoride. Fluoride occurs in sellaite, fluorite, cryolite, fluorapatite, apatite, fluormica, biotite, amphibole and several other rocks. Weathering of these rocks and prolonged residence time leads to high fluoride groundwater. Low calcium, high sodium and high bicarbonate are typical of high fluoride groundwater. Volcanic ash and combustion of coal arethe next major source for fluoride. We can reduce fluoride concentration naturally in bore well through Onsite treatment includes artificial recharge methods such as rain water harvesting, constructing check dams, percolation ponds, facilitating recharge of rain water through existing wells etc. REFERENCES CLAY POT vs MORINGA OLIEFRA SEEDS Perundu Kodumu Clay pot( -4) Moringa oliefra(5 ) 1) S.K. Garg, air pollution and sewage disposal Vol. I & II, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi 2) Meenakshi and R.C. Maheshwari, Fluoride in drinking water and its removal, J. Hazard. Mater, 26. Volume: 3 Issue: 9 216 www.ijmtes.com 85
3) R.N. Yadav and Rajdeep, Defluoridation of the Potable Water by Aluminum Sulphate, Int. J. Chem.Sci., (29) p. 76-774. 4) http://en.wikipedia.org.wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia. 5) WHO, Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 3rd edition, incorporating first and second addenda. 26, vol. 1. 6) Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission, Prevention and Control of Fluorosis in India, Ministry of Rural Development, New Delhi, Vol. I, 24-4 (1993). Volume: 3 Issue: 9 216 www.ijmtes.com 86