Topics: Mitosis, Meiosis, Mendel s Genetics, Lab Skills Asexual Reproduction making genetically identical offspring from a single parent. o Regeneration organisms ability to loose body parts Ex. Starfish, Planarian o Budding an offspring will grow out the body of the parent Ex: Hydra, Yeast o Binary Fission one cells divides into two forming 2 new cells Ex: Ameba, Paramecium, Bacteria Mitosis a process of cell division which results in the production of two daughter cells from a single parent cell (same genetic information) IPMAT, CLONING Cancer Uncontrolled cell division. Can be caused at random or, by the environment
Sexual Reproduction involves two parents and results in offspring that have some genetic material (DNA) from each parent o Can be similar to one or both parents, but NOT IDENTICAL o Body cells of Humans = 46 chromosomes o Sex cells of humans (sperm and egg) = 23 chromosomes Another word for sex cells is gametes + = Sperm Egg Zygote Meiosis cell division that that produces gametes. Cells have ½ the number of chromosomes from the parent cell. Produces 4 cells. o Creates cells that that are similar, but not identical o Creates sperm & egg o Crossing over o IPMAT I & IPMAT II 2
Phases of Development o When sperm and egg (monoploid) are produced = meiosis (23) o When sperm and egg meet (diplod) (46) o When the zygote undergoes cell division = mitosis (each cell has 46 chromosomes in humans) o Differentiation transforming cells into specialized cells with different structures and functions (skin cells, liver cells, etc) Fertilization and Initial Development of the Embryo 3
Heredity Passing genetic information from one generation to the next. o 23 chromosomes are donated from each parent to their offspring Genes the different trait that make up an organism. Different options of traits are called ALLELES. o Examples : blue or brown eyes Dominant Traits Stronger trait that is expressed if available o BB or Bb will both express brown eyes Recessive Traits Weaker trait that is only expressed if both parents donate it. o bb will express blue eyes Punnett Square a way to determine probability of genotype (genes) and phenotype (physical trait) R r Rr Rr 4
Rr rr Mom: Rr Dad: rr R: Brown Hair r: Blonde Hair r r Genotype : Phenotype : 50% Rr 50% rr 50% Brown 50% Blonde Lab Skills 1. Diffusion through a Membrane: Summary: Starch = Big, Can t move in/out of cell Glucose = Small, can move in/out of cell 5
Iodine = Tests for Starch A Color Change indicates a positive Test Iodine Changes from Amber to Blue/Black with the presence of starch Part A: Part B: When you add salt to cells, water moves out causing them to shrink. The Cell Membrane Shrinks, the Cell Wall stay rigid. 6
What adjustment do you never use under High Power? Course Adjustment Total Magnification = Ocular x Power What does the letter e look like under the microscope? How would you center this specimen? Move it to the left and down How do you make a wet mount? Add Water and specimen to slide and put cover slip on at an angle (reduces air bubbles) How much liquid is in the graduated cylinder? 43mL What is the length of the wing of the wasp? 12mm (1.2 cm) 7
8