Epigenetic Advancements in Cancer
Manoj K. Mishra Kumar S. Bishnupuri Editors Epigenetic Advancements in Cancer
Editors Manoj K. Mishra Department of Biological Sciences Alabama State University Montgomery, AL, USA Kumar S. Bishnupuri School of Medicine Washington University St. Louis, MO, USA ISBN 978-3-319-24949-0 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-24951-3 ISBN 978-3-319-24951-3 (ebook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2016930831 Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland
Preface Recent biomedical advancement and discovery of unique epigenetic modifications to target different cancer types has revolutionized the cancer treatment regime. In recent years, the roles of epigenetic regulators have taken forefront in discovering the target molecules to treat cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, in 2014, approximately 1,665,540 new cancer cases and 585,720 cancer deaths were reported in the USA only, which accounts for one of every four deaths. This projection is same for coming years too. Cancer refers to a group of diseases that share a common phenotype such as uncontrollable cell growth and proliferation. During the multistep process of carcinogenesis, cells acquire a series of genetic changes that lead to unrestrained cell growth and division, inhibition of cell differentiation, and evasion of cell death. However, these genetic changes alone are not sufficient enough to explain the phenotype of cancer cells. Concepts of epigenetics offer a partial but crucial explanation of carcinogenesis. The initiation and progression of cancer, traditionally considered to be a result of genetic alterations, is now realized to involve epigenetic abnormalities too. Recent advancements in the rapidly evolving field of cancer epigenetics have shown extensive reprogramming of every component of the epigenetic machinery in cancer. The reversible nature of these epigenetic alterations has led to the emergence of the promising field of epigenetic therapy. Growing evidences support the role of epigenetic modifications in the initiation and progression of various cancers, and failures of current cancer therapy are in part due to the lack of understanding of epigenetic changes in cancer cells. Recent advancements in cancer research suggested epigenetic regulation of DNA methylation, histone modification, nucleosome positioning, and noncoding RNA expression to be central in cancer growth and development. However, several important questions remain unanswered including: (a) How many genes undergo epigenetic alteration in a tumor? (b) Do these changes differ between distinct types of cancer cells? (c) What are the molecular and genetic mechanisms that underlie these altered epigenetic profiles? Recent technological advances allow epigenetic alterations in cancer to be v
vi Preface studied across the whole genome. These approaches are being used not only to answer key outstanding questions about cancer biology but also to provide new avenues for diagnostics, prognostics, and therapy. The fundamental roles of epigenetics in carcinogenesis make an understanding of mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modification, nucleosome positioning, and noncoding RNA expression an essential goal both for basic and applied research. Targeting epigenetics will not only target cancer cells but also the tumor microenvironment more likely the entire host for achieving better treatment outcomes of cancer patients. Although the term epigenetics literally means above the genetics, it is now generally used to refer to the changes in gene expression that take place without changing the DNA sequence. Epigenetic changes encompass an array of molecular modifications to both DNA and chromatin; the most investigated of them are DNA methylation and histone modifications. Other epigenetic mechanisms of regulating gene expression include regulation by noncoding RNAs, such as micrornas, and mechanisms that control the higher-level organizations of chromatin within the nucleus and have a broad range of effects on gene expression. The chapters of this book are aimed to explore epigenetic alterations associated with various human cancers. Detailed information of epigenetic changes in various cancers will provide a better understanding of cancer growth and will help the scientific community to provide new avenues for diagnostics, prognostics, and therapy of this highly fatal human disease. Additionally, individual chapters of this book focus on exploring the current understanding of alterations in the epigenetic landscape that occur in various cancer cells, the roles of these changes in cancer initiation and progression, and the potential use of this knowledge in designing more effective strategies of cancer treatments. In Epigenetic Advancement in Cancer, a team of skilled scientists with extensive expertise in epigenetic cancer biology presents the recent advancement in the field. This book covers various topics including breast, prostate, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers and the roles of different epigenetic regulators in cancer development and progression. Thus, this book presents a unique source of understanding for researchers interested in epigenetics and cancer. We would like to thank Springer and their staff for the invitation and editorial support during the preparation of this book. We are thankful to experts who accepted our invitation to share their knowledge and expertise and contributed significantly to compile this book. We are sure that this book will be a valuable resource for cancer biologists, immunologists, cell biologists, clinicians, faculty, and students who are working for their research endeavors in their respective research areas. We would like to thank our family members for their continued support. Montgomery, AL, USA St. Louis, MO, USA Manoj K. Mishra Kumar S. Bishnupuri
Contents 1 Epigenetic Control of Genes Involved in Cancer Initiation and Progression... 1 Sabita N. Saldanha and Shivani Soni 2 Epigenetic Changes and Potential Targets in Pancreatic Cancer... 27 Rajesh Singh, James W. Lillard Jr., and Shailesh Singh 3 Epigenetic and Cancer: An Evaluation of the Impact of Dietary Components... 65 James A. Stokes III, Sanjay Kumar, Karyn Scissum-Gunn, Udai P. Singh, and Manoj K. Mishra 4 Gene Expression, Epigenetic Regulation, and Cancer... 79 Shuntele N. Burns 5 Epigenetics of Colorectal Cancer... 97 Kumar S. Bishnupuri and Manoj K. Mishra 6 Epigenesis in Colorectal Cancer: A Lethal Change in the Cell... 123 Rashmi K. Ambasta, Dhiraj Kumar, Piyush Sawhney, Rajat Gupta, Parul Yadav, Pooja Pabari, and Pravir Kumar 7 Epigenetics and Angiogenesis in Cancer... 145 Niraj Kumar Jha, Saurabh Kumar Jha, Satyaprakash, Rohan Kar, Deepak Rathore, Rashmi K. Ambasta, and Pravir Kumar 8 Epigenetic Post transcriptional Mutation in Neuro-Oncology... 177 Ankit Tripathi, Renu Sharma, Noopur Kejriwal, Rashmi K. Ambasta, and Pravir Kumar 9 Epigenetics of Breast Cancer: DNA Methylome and Global Histone Modifications... 207 Gulistan Mese and Ozden Yalcin-Ozuysal vii
viii Contents 10 Enhancer of Zeste Homology 2 (Ezh2), an Epigenetic Regulator: A Possibility for Prostate Cancer Treatment... 229 Sanjay Kumar, James A. Stokes III, Udai P. Singh, Kumar S. Bishnupuri, and Manoj K. Mishra Index... 245
Contributors Rashmi K. Ambasta, Ph.D. Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), New Delhi, Kumar S. Bishnupuri, Ph.D. Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA Shuntele N. Burns, Ph.D. Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA Rajat Gupta Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), New Delhi, Niraj Kumar Jha Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), New Delhi, Saurabh Kumar Jha Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), New Delhi, Rohan Kar Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), New Delhi, Noopur Kejriwal Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), New Delhi, ix
x Contributors Pravir Kumar, Ph.D. Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), New Delhi, Department of Neurology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA Department of Biotechnology, Mechanical Engineering Building, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), New Delhi, Delhi, India Sanjay Kumar, Ph.D. Cancer Biology Research and Training Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA Dhiraj Kumar Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), New Delhi, James W. Lillard Jr., Ph.D. Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Gulistan Mese, Ph.D. Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey Manoj K. Mishra, Ph.D. Cancer Biology Research and Training Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA Pooja Pabari Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), New Delhi, Deepak Rathore Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), New Delhi, Sabita N. Saldanha, Ph.D. Department of Biological Sciences, Life Science Building, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA Satyaprakash Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), New Delhi, Piyush Sawhney Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), New Delhi, Karyn Scissum-Gunn, Ph.D. Cancer Biology Research and Training Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA Renu Sharma Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), New Delhi,
Contributors xi Rajesh Singh, Ph.D. Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Shailesh Singh, Ph.D. Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Udai P. Singh, Ph.D. Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA Shivani Soni, Ph.D. Department of Biological Sciences, Life Science Building, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA James A. Stokes III Cancer Biology Research and Training Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA Ankit Tripathi Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), New Delhi, Parul Yadav Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), New Delhi, Ozden Yalcin-Ozuysal, Ph.D. Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey