Dermatol Clin 24 (2006) 571 578 Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Actinic dermatitis, with HIV/AIDS, 446 Acute retroviral syndrome, 431 438 acquisition of, 432 clinical features of, 431 433 diagnosis of, 434 differential diagnosis of, 434 early identification of, 432 gastrointestinal complications of, 432 genitourinary complications of, 432 management of, 434 435 highly active retroviral therapy in, 435 mucosal ulcers in, 432 neurologic complications of, 432 pathogenesis of, 433 434 psychological impact of, 432 433 pulmonary complications of, 432 transmission of, 433 Acyclovir, for varicella zoster virus, 477 Africa, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in. See HIV/ AIDS, global epidemiology of. AIDS. See HIV/AIDS. Alitretinoin gel, for Kaposi s sarcoma, 517 Anogenital lesions, in Kaposi s sarcoma, 513 Antimonial agents, for leishmaniasis, 487 Antiretroviral therapy, 537 547 adjunctive, 542 adverse reactions to, 542 and hyperlipidemia, 543 and hypersensitivity syndrome, 542 and insulin resistance, 543 and lactic acidosis, 542 543 and lipodystrophy, 543 544 choice of regimen for, 538 542 fusion inhibitors, 540 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 540 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 539 540 protease inhibitors, 540 classes of, 538 combination therapy in, 542 dosing schedules and restrictions in, 541 542 effects of, on Kaposi s sarcoma, 510, 515, 516 goals of, 544 highly active. See Highly active antiretroviral therapy. initiation of, 537 538 metabolic complications of, 542 principles of, 537 538 resistance testing in, 544 545 resistance to, 544 545 Antituberculosis drugs, adverse reactions to, 566 468 Aqueous crystalline penicillin G, for neurosyphilis, 504 Argentina, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 416 Arthropod bites, versus pruritic papular eruption, 455 Arthropod hypersensitivity, and pruritic papular eruption, 449 450 Asia, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 413 414 Atopic dermatitis, with HIV/AIDS, 442 Australia, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 417 Azidothymidine, for HIV/AIDS, dermatologist epidemic watcher s perspective on, 409 Azithromycin, for syphilis, 503 504 B Bacillary angiomatosis versus Kaposi s sarcoma, 515 with HIV/AIDS, 474 475 Bacterial folliculitis, versus pruritic papular eruption, 455 0733-8635/06/$ - see front matter Ó 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/s0733-8635(06)00080-5 derm.theclinics.com
572 INDEX Bacterial infections, with HIV/AIDS. See Cutaneous infections. Bahamas, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 415 Baltic states, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 415 Bartonella infections, with HIV/AIDS, 474 475 Basal cell carcinoma. See Skin cancer. Benzathine penicillin G, for syphilis, 503, 504 Biopsy, skin, for acute retroviral syndrome, 434 Botryomycosis, with HIV/AIDS, 474 Brazil, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 416 Bullous drug reactions, in HIV infection, 462 Buruli ulcers, with HIV/AIDS, 485 C Candidiasis, with HIV/AIDS, 483 484 Cardiovascular syphilis, with HIV infection, 500 501, 504 Caribbean, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 415 416 CD4 lymphocyte count, and skin cancer, 522, 523 Ceftriaxione, for syphilis, 503 Central Africa, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 425 426 Central Asia, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 414 415 Central Europe, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 416 417 Cerebrospinal fluid studies for neurosyphilis, 502 for syphilis, 504 Cervical cancer, with HIV/AIDS, 478 479 Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, with HIV/ AIDS, 478 479 Chemotherapy, for Kaposi s sarcoma, 516, 517 China, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 413 414 Coccidioidomycosis, with HIV/AIDS, 481 482 Cryptococcosis syndrome and, 554, 561 562 with HIV/AIDS, 480 481 Cuba, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 415 416 Cutaneous infections, with HIV/AIDS, 473 495 bacterial, 473 475 bacillary angiomatosis, 474 475 Staphylococcus aureus, 473 474 fungal, 480 485 candidiasis, 483 484 coccidioidomycosis, 481 482 cryptococcosis, 480 481 dermatophytosis, 484 485 histoplasmosis, 482 483 mycobacterial, 485 Penicillium marneffei, 483 Pneumocystis jiroveci, 483 parasitic, 486 488 leishmaniasis, 486 487 scabies, 487 488 viral, 475 480 cytomegalovirus, 478 Epstein-Barr virus, 478 herpes simplex virus, 475 476 human papillomavirus, 478 479 molluscum contagiosum virus, 479 480 varicella zoster virus, 476 477 Cytomegalovirus, with HIV/AIDS, 478 D Demodex folliculorum infestations, versus pruritic papular eruption, 453, 455 Dermatitis, with HIV/AIDS, 441 442, 446 Dermatomal zoster, with HIV/AIDS, 476 477 Dermatophytosis, with HIV/AIDS, 484 485 Dermatoses, inflammatory noninfectious. See Inflammatory noninfectious dermatoses. Dominican Republic, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 415 Doxorubicin, for Kaposi s sarcoma, 516, 517 Doxycycline, for syphilis, 503 Drug hypersensitivity syndrome antiretroviral therapy and, 542 in HIV infection, 462 464, 466 E East Africa, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 425 Eastern Europe, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 414 415 Eczema, with HIV/AIDS, 441 442 Enfuvirtide, for HIV infection, mechanism of action of, 540
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, for acute retroviral syndrome, 434 Eosinophilic folliculitis, with HIV/AIDS. See Inflammatory noninfectious dermatoses. Epstein-Barr virus, with HIV/AIDS, 478 Ethiopia, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 425 Europe, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 414 417 F Fat-redistribution syndrome, antiretroviral therapy and, 543 544 Fluconazole, resistance to, in HIV/AIDS, 484 Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test, for syphilis, 501 502 Folliculitis eosinophilic, with HIV/AIDS. See Inflammatory noninfectious dermatoses. versus pruritic papular eruption, 455 Fungal infections, with HIV/AIDS. See Cutaneous infections. Fusion inhibitors, mechanism of action of, 540 G Gastrointestinal complications, of acute retroviral syndrome, 432 Genital ulcers, with HIV/AIDS, 475 Genitourinary complications, of acute retroviral syndrome, 432 Genotypic resistance assays, in drug resistance testing, 544 Granulomatous foreign-body reactions, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and, 555, 564 565 Gummatous syphilis, with HIV infection, 500, 504 H Haiti, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 415 Herpes simplex virus infections syndrome and, 551, 552, 556 557 with HIV/AIDS, 475 476 Herpes zoster syndrome and, 552, 557 558 with HIV/AIDS, in children, 534 INDEX 573 Highly active antiretroviral therapy and syndrome. See Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. dermatologist epidemic watcher s perspective on, 409 410 effects of on cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, 479 on cryptococcosis, 480 481 on leishmaniasis, 487 on skin cancer, 523, 525 on varicella zoster virus, 477 for acute retroviral syndrome, 435 in children, 533 535 Histoplasmosis syndrome and, 554, 562 563 with HIV/AIDS, 482 483 HIV/AIDS adverse drug reactions in, 459 472, 542 bullous reactions, 462 causality in, 460 461 classification of, 459 460 definition of, 459 diagnosis of, 461 dosage schedules and, 469 drug hypersensitivity syndrome, 462 464, 466, 542 drug provocation tests for, 467 469 epidemiology of, 463 466 immune stimulation and, 470 in tuberculosis patients, 466 467 major histocompatibility complex and, 470 morbilliform exanthematous reactions, 461 462 pathogenesis of, 469 Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 463 464, 466 468 T-cell activation and, 470 to antituberculosis drugs, 468 to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 468 469 toxic epidermal necrolysis, 463 464, 466 468 and acute retroviral syndrome. See Acute retroviral syndrome. and skin cancer. See Skin cancer. cutaneous infections with. See Cutaneous infections. dermatologist epidemic watcher s perspective on, 407 412 beginning of pandemic, 407 pandemic in retrospect, 408 410
574 INDEX HIV/AIDS (coninued) agent, 409 birth, 408 blood risk, 409 gender spread, 409 geographical spread, 408 409 global disease and response, 410 lost generation and orphans, 409 origins, 408 prevention, 410 stigma, 409 treatment, 409 410 prepandemic, 407 408 resources, 411 skin disease as marker, 408 spin-off benefits, 410 global epidemiology of, 413 420 Asia, 413 414 Caribbean, 415 416 Eastern Europe and Central Asia, 414 415 Latin America, 416 Middle East and North Africa, 417 North America and Western and Central Europe, 416 417 Oceania, 417 prevention strategies in, 417 419 primary, 418 secondary, 418 tertiary, 418 sub-saharan Africa, 413, 421 429, 531 532 cost-effective interventions in, 426 427 cutaneous diseases in, 427 428 East Africa, 425 expanding access to treatment, 426 factors contributing to, 421 422 in women, 426 inadequate health care and, 421 mortality rates from, 421 prevention strategies in, 426 regional trends in, 422 423 Southern Africa, 423 425 West and Central Africa, 425 426 in children, 531 536 epidemiology of, 531 532 highly active antiretroviral therapy for, 533 535 syndrome in, 533 534 immune status in, skin disease as indicator of, 532 533 in sub-saharan Africa, 531 532 incidence of, 532 vertical transmission of, 532 inflammatory noninfectious dermatoses with. See Inflammatory noninfectious dermatoses. Kaposi s sarcoma with. See Kaposi s sarcoma. pruritic papular eruption with. See Pruritic papular eruption. syphilis with. See Syphilis. Human herpesvirus 8, and Kaposi s sarcoma, 509 510, 552, 558 559 Human papillomavirus, with HIV/AIDS, 478 479 Hydroxyurea, with antiretroviral therapy, 542 Hyperlipidemia, antiretroviral therapy and, 543 I Imiquimod, for human papillomavirus, 479 Immune dysregulation, and pruritic papular eruption, 450 Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, 549 570 and cryptococcosis, 554, 561 562 and eosinophilic folliculitis, 554, 563 564 and granulomatous foreign-body reactions, 555, 564 565 and herpes simplex virus infections, 551, 552, 556 557 and herpes zoster virus, 552, 557 558 and histoplasmosis, 554, 562 563 and Kaposi s sarcoma, 552, 558 559 and leishmaniasis, 555, 565 and leprosy, 553, 560 561 and lupus erythematosus, 555 556, 565 and molluscum contagiosum, 553, 559 and mycobacterial infections, 553, 559 561 and sarcoidosis, 555, 564 and tuberculosis, 553, 561 and warts, 553 clinical features of, 550 definition of, 549 diagnosis of, 551 historical aspects of, 549 550 immunopathogenesis of, 550 551 in children, 533 534 incidence of, 550 management of, 551 risk factors for, 551 Immunoglobulin E, in pruritic papular eruption, 452 Immunomodulatory drugs, with antiretroviral therapy, 542 India, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 414
INDEX 575 Infections, cutaneous, with HIV/AIDS. See Cutaneous infections. Inflammatory noninfectious dermatoses, with HIV/AIDS, 439 448 atopic dermatitis, 442 chronic actinic dermatitis, 446 eosinophilic folliculitis, 439 441 clinical features of, 439 440 differential diagnosis of, 430, 453 syndrome and, 554, 563 564 management of, 440 441 pathogenesis of, 439 pathology of, 439 photosensitivity, 445 446 pruritus, 442 443 psoriasis, 443 444 Reiter s syndrome, 444 445 seborrheic dermatitis, 441 442 xerosis, 442 Insulin resistance, antiretroviral therapy and, 543 Interferons, in pruritic papular eruption, 452 Interleukins, in pruritic papular eruption, 452 Isotretinoin, for eosinophilic folliculitis, 440 Itraconazole for eosinophilic folliculitis, 440 to prevent histoplasmosis, in HIV/AIDS, 482 483 J Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, to syphilis treatment, 503 K Kaposi s sarcoma, 509 520 anogenital lesions in, 513 antiretroviral agents and, 510, 515, 516 classification of, 509 clinical features of, 510 511 cutaneous lesions in, 511 512 diagnosis of, 514 515 differential diagnosis of, 514 epidemiology of, 510 etiopathogenesis of, 509 510 histology of, 514 human herpesvirus 8 and, 509 510, 552, 558 559 syndrome and, 552, 558 559 in children, 514 lymphadenopathic, 514 management of, 515 518 chemotherapy in, 517 experimental therapies in, 517 518 for localized mucocutaneous lesions, 517 in developing countries, 518 radiation therapy in, 517 retinoids in, 517 oral mucosal lesions in, 513 prognosis for, 515 pulmonary lesions in, 513 514 staging of, 515 visceral lesions in, 513 514, 515 Kenya, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 425 L Lactic acidosis, antiretroviral therapy and, 542 543 Latin America, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 416 Leishmaniasis syndrome and, 555, 565 with HIV/AIDS, 486 487 Leprosy, syndrome and, 553, 560 561 Lipid abnormalities, antiretroviral therapy and, 543 Lipodystrophy, antiretroviral therapy and, 543 544 Lues maligna, with HIV infection, 499 Lupus erythematosus, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and, 555 556, 565 Lymphadenopathy, with Kaposi s sarcoma, 514 Lymphedema, with Kaposi s sarcoma, 511 512 Lymphoma, cutaneous, with HIV infection, 524 525 M Major histocompatibility complex, and adverse drug reactions, 470 Malignant syphilis, with HIV infection, 499 Melanoma, with HIV infection, 524 Merkel cell carcinoma, with HIV infection, 525 Metabolic complications, of antiretroviral therapy, 542 Metformin, for lipodystrophy, 544
576 INDEX Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections, risk of, with HIV/AIDS, 474 Mexico, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 416 Middle East, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 417 Miliary tuberculosis, with HIV/AIDS, 485 Molluscum contagiosum syndrome and, 553, 559 with HIV/AIDS, 479 480 Morbilliform exanthematous drug reactions, in HIV infection, 461 462 Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, with HIV/AIDS, 486 Mucocutaneous lesions in HIV/AIDS, in children, 533 in Kaposi s sarcoma, 517 Mucosal ulcers, in acute retroviral syndrome, 432 Mycobacterial infections syndrome and, 553, 559 560 with HIV/AIDS, 485 N Neuralgia, postherpetic, with HIV/AIDS, 477 Neurologic complications, of acute retroviral syndrome, 432 Neurosyphilis, with HIV infection, 501, 502, 504 Nodular prurigo, versus pruritic papular eruption, 455 Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, mechanism of action of, 540 Nontreponemal tests, for syphilis, 501 502 North Africa, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 417 North America, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 416 417 Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, mechanism of action of, 539 540 O Oceania, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 417 Ocular syphilis, with HIV infection, 499 500 Oral mucosal lesions, in Kaposi s sarcoma, 513 Organ transplant recipients, skin cancer in. See Skin cancer. P p24 enzyme immunoassays, for acute retroviral syndrome, 434 Papua New Guinea, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 417 Papular urticaria, versus pruritic papular eruption, 455 Parasitic infections, with HIV/AIDS. See Cutaneous infections. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, for Kaposi s sarcoma, 516, 517 Penicillium marneffei infections, with HIV/AIDS, 483 Pentoxifylline, for pruritic papular eruption, 455 Phenotypic resistance assays, in drug resistance testing, 544 545 Photosensitivity, with HIV/AIDS, 445 446 Pityrosporal folliculitis, versus pruritic papular eruption, 455 Pneumocystis jiroveci infections, with HIV/AIDS, 483 Podophyllotoxin, for human papillomavirus, 479 Postherpetic neuralgia, with HIV/AIDS, 477 Procaine penicillin, for neurosyphilis, 504 Protease inhibitors, mechanism of action of, 540 Pruritic papular eruption, with HIV infection, 449 457 arthropod hypersensitivity in, 449 450 clinical features of, 450 451 differential diagnosis of, 453 455 etiology of, 449 450 hematologic and immunologic findings in, 452 453 immune dysregulation in, 450 management of, 455 pathology of, 451 452 prevalence of, 450 Pruritus, with HIV/AIDS, 442 443 Psoriasis, with HIV/AIDS, 443 444 Pulmonary complications, of acute retroviral syndrome, 432
INDEX 577 Pulmonary lesions, in Kaposi s sarcoma, 513 514 R Radiation therapy, for Kaposi s sarcoma, 517 Reiter s syndrome, with HIV/AIDS, 444 445 Retinoids, for Kaposi s sarcoma, 517 Ritonavir, for HIV infection, 542 Rosiglitazone, for lipodystrophy, 544 Russian Federation, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 414 415 S Sarcoidosis, syndrome and, 555, 564 Sarcoptes scabiei infections, with HIV/AIDS, 487 488 Scabies, with HIV/AIDS, 487 488 Seborrheic dermatitis, with HIV/AIDS, 441 442 Skin biopsy, for acute retroviral syndrome, 434 Skin cancer, HIV infection and, 521 530 cutaneous lymphoma, 524 525 effect on natural history, 524 highly active antiretroviral therapy and, 525 in organ transplant recipients, 521 523 highly active antiretroviral therapy and, 523 level of immunosuppression and, 522, 523 management of, 525 melanoma, 524 Merkel cell carcinoma, 525 nonmelanoma cancer, 523 524 risk factors for, 521 524 Southern Africa, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 423 425 Squamous cell carcinoma. See Skin cancer. Staphylococcus aureus infections, with HIV/ AIDS, 473 474 Stevens-Johnson syndrome, with HIV infection, 463 464, 466 468 Sub-Saharan Africa, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in. See HIV/AIDS, global epidemiology of. Syphilis, with HIV infection, 497 507 cardiovascular syphilis, 500 501, 504 clinical features of, 498 diagnosis of, 501 502 epidemiology of, 497 498 gummatous syphilis, 500, 504 latent syphilis, 500, 503 504 malignant syphilis, 499 management of, 503 504 neurosyphilis, 501, 502, 504 ocular syphilis, 499 500 pathology of, 502 503 primary syphilis, 498, 503 504 secondary syphilis, 498 499, 503 504 tertiary syphilis, 500 501, 504 Systemic lupus erythematosus, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and, 555, 565 T Tanzania, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 425 T-cell activation, and adverse drug reactions, 470 T-cell counts, in pruritic papular eruption, 452 Toxic epidermal necrolysis, with HIV infection, 463 464, 466 468 Treponemal tests, for syphilis, 501 502 Trichophyton rubrum infections, with HIV/AIDS, 484 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, adverse reactions to, 468 469 Tuberculosis syndrome and, 553, 561 with HIV/AIDS, 485 Tumid lupus, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and, 555, 565 U Uganda, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 425 Ukraine, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 415 Ulcers Buruli, with HIV/AIDS, 485 genital, with HIV/AIDS, 475 mucosal, with acute retroviral syndrome, 432 UVB phototherapy, for pruritic papular eruption, 455
578 INDEX V Vaccines for human papillomavirus, 478 479 for varicella zoster virus, 477 Varicella zoster virus, with HIV/AIDS, 476 477 Viral infections, with HIV/AIDS. See Cutaneous infections. Virtual phenotypic resistance assays, in drug resistance testing, 545 Visceral leishmaniasis syndrome and, 563 with HIV/AIDS, 486 487 Visceral lesions, in Kaposi s sarcoma, 513, 515 W Warts, syndrome and, 553 West Africa, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 425 426 Western blot tests, for acute retroviral syndrome, 434 X Xerosis, with HIV/AIDS, 442 Z Zimbabwe, HIV/AIDS epidemiology in, 425