Chapter 4 gives us the beginning of talking about prefixes. We've done the roots and the basic word analysis and suffixes. So now we go to the prefixes. And there's a variety of mixed slides here that just goes through a number of the different prefixes. I'll highlight a few and try to give some examples, and that will be pretty much this chapter. UW- Extensions provides equal opportunities in employment and programming including Title IX and ADA. 1
Again, here are your goals. The last part of this chapter does address RH conditions as an example of antigens and antibody reactions, as it says here. I'm going to leave those in the PowerPoints because I think this is interesting. Sometimes there's always the question about what is the positive and negative, and so this gives one a good understanding. And it probably be a good review for some of you and direction to what all this means for those of you that don't have any background in health. So it's just good education. And it will help with your anatomy class, perhaps. 2
A few words here is A or AN; no, without. AB, A- B; and AD, A- D. Probably the best for AB and AD, away from and toward is abduction and adduction, which is terminology used with motion within various joints such as your arms or your legs. So you often will hear AD duction and AB duction because they do sound so familiar, so close to each other. That's how they're sometimes used. A, simply does mean without. I just gave a thought that often times you hear of in electrocardiograms. And we may refer to this in the chapter on Cardiovascular Arrhythmia, and that being used as terms; that means something's wrong with the heart rhythm. Well, you know, when I teach my ECG class, an example that I'll use, is often times the diagnosis may say the person has an arrhythmia. And I'll say that's incorrect. It's dysrhythmia. And this is another prefix, dys, that we'll get to in a little bit. But actually, arrhythmia is incorrect because that means there's no rhythm. And of course, if there's no rhythm, the person's basically dead. So it's really - - the sign is dysrhythmia, or a heart dysrhythmia is the proper term, and sometimes we get caught up in that. But often times, you know, even physicians will just say that they have an arrhythmia. And, you know, of course, you don't want to question what they may say, but I just want to point that out. 3
Bi, meaning two. Sometimes you may see Di, meaning two also. Brady is meaning slow. We'll see that a lot in things, like electrocardiograms. Together or with, con, that's used often times. And auto, meaning own or self. We could probably use that as an example. An example of that is autoimmune disorders such as something like rheumatoid arthritis, is actually an autoimmune disorder. And some believe that, and there's some literature that suggest that Type I Diabetes is actually autoimmune; so that's one. The body itself attacks itself and destroys its own cells. And that's why they're so hard to cure because it's - - the body seems to be going after itself. 4
Contra is used often times. You'll see that, the opposite side. So when an orthopedist or physical therapist or athletic trainer may be referring to the contralateral side, that means the opposite side. So that would be an example of that word. Dys, as I was mentioning about painful, bad, difficult. Dysrhythmia is the better word to use when describing a heart rhythm; that's incorrect or difficult or wrong or bad as opposed to arrhythmia because, again, as I mentioned before, arrhythmia symptoms is no rhythm. Ecto, endo; outside or inside. Often times, layers of the heart, layers of the lung, various layers of tissue will be the echo - - ecto and the endo. Thelium, for example, for tissue being within. 5
Again, here is a number of different terms, hyper; hypo; excessive hyper; and hypo being deficient, under. Hyperglycemia versus hypoglycemia. Hyperglycemia would be one's blood sugar is too high. Hypo is when the blood sugar would be too low. 6
Here's a few more terms. 7
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Supra, above; sub, under. Again, since I do teach electrocardiography, supra comes to mind with a term called, supraventricular, meaning that the dysrhythmia itself is coming above the ventricle; supraventricular. It's not a rhythm that would be from the ventricles. It would be from the atrium. So we call it supraventricular. 10
Tachy as opposed to Brady, Brady was slow; tachy is fast. 11
Here's the example of autoimmune disease. The body makes the antibodies against its own healthy cells and tissues and causes inflammation and injury and sometimes cell death. So there's an example that I was giving for that prefix. 12
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And here's the latter part of the chapter we're talking about, RH condition and addressing that. And as you can see, the antigens, which were also described in the prefixes, antibodies. 14
Basically, the RH is mom has a particular blood factor, either negative or positive, and fetus has a factor of negative or positive. And if they're both positive or both negative, no problem. It's when mom and fetus are different, as addressed here. 15
And here's this slide. It shows the first pregnancy. Mom is negative. The baby is positive. Antibodies are then formed. And then the second pregnancy, then, those antibodies that have been formed see that the child is positive. If it is positive again and mom is still negative, obviously then there can be some problems with the body attacking the fetus because it's identifying it as a foreign body. So there are treatments that can be given that will take care of this issue. And that's why it's such an important factor to be measured and assessed at the time of pregnancy. 16