Volume 19(4), 84-88, 2015 JOURNAL of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology www.journal-hfb.usab-tm.ro Copper effects at seed germination of Secale cereale L. Sărac I. 1 *, Petrescu Irina 1, Madosa E. 1, Antonie I. F. 1 1 University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Banat "King Mihai I of Romania" Timisoara; *Corresponding author. Email: ionutsarac@yahoo.com Abstract The aim of present study was to elucidate the effect of various amounts of copper in soil at seed germination and grow plantles. The study came to the conclusion that the presence of copper in the three concentrations of 10, 50 and 100 ppm, resulted in the appearance of normal and abnormal aspects of germination. The development of seedlings in the presence of copper has also been adversely affected, resulting in incomplete undeveloped or developing the new plant. Key words copper, germination, Secale cereale Copper is present in many forms in soils free form Cu 2+ activity is considered to be the best indicator of bioavailability. Due to its high affinity for organic matter, copper does not drain quickly from the soil profile and tends to accumulate at the soil surface. While copper is an essential micronutrient, excess exposure to copper has a negative effect on the growth of copper plantelor.toxicitatea greatly affects the growth and root morphology. Copper has a tendency to accumulate in the root tissue. Because the primary effect of copper toxicity on root growth. Toxicity study of copper in the ground is difficult. Copper is an essential trace element for plant and animal development, playing an important role in the synthesis of enzymes hematopoesis and involved in general metabolic phases. Copper is found in nature in the form of combinations, especially as sulfides. Copper are multiple and complex functions: taking part in numerous biochemical processes based on redox reactions through different enzymes in whose composition enter or activates; is involved in the processes of respiration, metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins, the synthesis of vitamin C and chlorophyll pigments and even nucleic acids; It plays an important role in hematopoesis and the activity of numerous enzymes of oxidative functions involved in major vital processes in living organisms. Copper enters the structure of many enzymes, which are designed to transform superoxide into oxygen and peroxide, superoxide dismutase known as hemocupreină, hepatocupreină, cerebrocupreină, eritrocupreină, citocupreină. The enzymes were allowed to adapt to the aerobic organisms and protect them from the toxic effects of oxygen. There are data suggesting that copper sufficiency imunogeneză is important for stimulating the formation of antibodies; secondly copper boosts anticarcinogenic effects of certain cytostatics known. Copper deficiency is generally not widespread, compared to only deficiency and other heavy metals affect a relatively small number of species. After soil conditions occurs, the phenomenon is known under different names "improving disease" or after some symptoms of events "white plague", "wilting peak," "blackening". Materials and Methods The experiment was carried out in laboratory conditions. We made a preliminary test, where all the seeds were treated with varied concentrations of solutions of cooper. After 7 days the number of germinated seeds was counted. This number was compared with seeds of plants treated with distilled water. All the results from this part of the experiment were used rye varieties Gloria, Horizon, Ergo and experimental variants were used V1 - water control; V2-10 ppm, V3-50 ppm, V4-100 ppm. Results and Discussions Heavy metals difeferit effect on seed germination of rye variety Gloria as shown in figure 1. The inhibiting effect of copper on germination is evident in the variant V3 to the concentration of 50 ppm in the percentage of normal seeds was 50%, abnormal seeds 50% and dead seeds were 0%. Percentage of germs normal was 20%, the abnormal 80% and the seeds death was 0% for the version with the highest concentration V4 compared with other variants V2 (the percentage of germs normal was 60 % seeds of abnormal 40%), V1 is observed as the effect of copper on the seed germination. 84
Fig. 1 Copper influence on seed germination of rye variety Gloria Fig. 2 Germination of variety Gloria variants with concentrations of copper (V2-V4) and control variant (V1) Seed germination of rye variety Horizon as shown in fig. 3. The inhibitory effect of copper on germination is evident in the variant with the highest concentration of germs V4 normal percentage was 50%, abnormal germs 50%and dead seeds were 0%. The percentage of normal germ was 92% and 8% of germs abnormal variant V2 copper concentration of 10 ppm. In the embodiment V3 copper concentration of 50 ppm, the proportion of normal seeds was 90%, the abnormal germ 10%, compared with the version V1 can be noticed that the impact of copper on the seed germination. 85
Fig. 3. Copper influence on seed germination of rye variety Orizont Fig. 4 Germination of variety Orizont variants with concentrations of copper (V2-V4) and control variant (V1) As shown in figure 5 copper influenced the germination different percentage. Germination is inhibited obvious variant with the highest concentration of germs V4 normal percentage was 40%, abnormal germs 60% and dead seeds were 0%., Compared to the other versions. Variant concentration V2 had a percentage of germs normal 80% to 20% and the seed death was 0%, and the variant concentration V3 percentage of germs normal was 60% and 40% and the seeds of death was 0%. The V1 version control values were observed in the percentage of normal germ was 100%. 86
Fig. 5. Copper influence on seed germination of rye variety Ergo. Fig. 6. Germination of variety Ergo variants with concentrations of copper (V2-V4) and control variant (V1) Conclusion Copper has different effects on seed germination of rye variety Horizon variety Gloria and variety Ergo. Compared with the other embodiments V2 and V1 variety Gloria inhibiting effect of copper on germination is evident in the variant with the highest concentration of V4 with 100 ppm and V3 of 50 ppm, the percentage of germ normal was 20% and 50%, abnormal germ 80% and 50% and dead seeds were 0%. The inhibitory effect of copper on germination variety Horizon is obviously the option with the highest concentration V4 100 ppm to percentage of normal germ was 50%, abnormal germs 50% and dead seeds were 0%. Percentage of germs normal was 10%, the sprouts abnormal 90% and the seeds death was 0% for the version with the highest concentration V3 50 ppm compared to other variants V2, V1 observing such effect copper on the seed germination. The variety Ergo compared with version control is observed inhibitory effect of copper on germination is evident from the highest concentration to the lowest (V4 100 87
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