Active listening empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy. Antianxiety drugs drugs used to control anxiety and agitation. Antidepressant drugs Antipsychotic drugs Antisocial personality disorder drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder. a personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscious for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
Anxiety disorders Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Aversive conditioning Behavior therapy Biomedical therapy a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with and unwanted behavior. Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors prescribed medication or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system.
Bipolar disorder Client-centered therapy Cognitive-behavioral therapy a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening with a genuine, accepting, and empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. a psychotherapeutic approach that addresses dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors and cognitive processes. It combines cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy techniques. Cognitive therapy therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. Conversion disorder a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found.
Counterconditioning Countertransference Delusions a behavior therapy producer that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning. transference, but from the psychotherapist's perspective. Redirection of a psychotherapist's feelings toward a client, or, more generally, as a therapist's emotional entanglement with a client false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders. Dissociative disorders Dissociative identity disorder disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. formerly called multiple personality disorder.
DSM-IV-TR Eclectic approach Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Evidence-based practice Exposure therapies the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, updated as a 2000 "text revision"; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy. a biochemical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient. clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences. behavior techniques, such as a systematic desensitization, that treats anxieties by exposing people to do the things they fear and avoid.
Family therapy Generalized anxiety disorder Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at other family members an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. Hallucinations false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus. Hypochondriasis a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease. Insanity a mental illness so severe that a person cannot distinguish between fantasy from reality.
Insight therapies a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contracts with the strategy-based solutions. Interpretation Lobotomy Major depressive disorder Mania in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistance, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight. a now rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotioncontrolling centers of the inner brain. a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities. a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, widely optimistic state.
Medical model Meta-analysis the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital. a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies. Mood disorders psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. Obsessive-compulsive disorder Panic disorder an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions). an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompany chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
Personality disorders psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior pattern that impair social functioning. Phobia an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational and avoidance of a specific object, activity or situation. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Psychoanalysis Psychodynamic therapy an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmare, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience. Freud's theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Therapy deriving from psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight.
Psychological disorder deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors Psychopharmacology the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior. Psychosurgery Psychotherapy Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth. treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth. a form of Cognitive-behavior therapy. Focuses on resolving emotional and behavioral problems and disturbances and enabling people to lead happier and more fulfilling lives.
Regression toward the mean Resistance Schizophrenia The tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back toward their average. in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material. a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. Somatoform disorders psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause. Systematic desensitization a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with a gradually increasing anxietytriggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.
Tardive dyskinesia involuntary movements of facial muscles, tongue, and limbs. Token economy Transference an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort fro exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats. the psychoanalysis, the patients transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships. Unconditional positive regard Virtual reality exposure therapy a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop selfawareness and self-concept. An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking.