ORgo! ORganic Chemistry - an introduction to Macromolcules Macromolecule - an organic molecule (containing carbon atoms) made of a very large number of atoms (big). 1
4 main types of macromolecules: 1) carbohydrates 2) lipids 3) proteins 4) nucleic acids PULL Monomer a molecule that can link with other like molecules to form a polymer 2
Carbohydrates energy fuel of the body molecules containinc C, H and O body breaks down into CO 2 and H 2 O 3
Types of Carbs: Monosaccharides: monomer made up of one sugar simple carb soluble in water glucose molecule fructose molecule 4
Disaccharides molecule of 2 monosaccharides soluble in water Click for 3 D Disaccharides Lactose MILK 5
Polysaccharides polymers of monosaccharides not soluble in water Starch -energy storage molecule in plants -broken down by hydrolysis cellulose -molecules that make up plant cell walls -dietary fibre glycogen -short term energy storage molecule in human cells -broken down by hydrolysis 6
Digestion involves breaking down bonds between the monomers. Which takes more time and energy to digest, simple sugars or complex carbs? make a polysaccharide Bonds between complex sugars resist digestion more strongly in polysaccharides. There are more bonds to break and they may be harder to get at. So starch digestion takes longer than sugar digestion. 7
LIPIDS (FATS) Made up of C, H, and O but are insoluble made up of fatty acids and glycerol Fatty Acids Saturated Fats fatty acid chains with all single bonds packed tightly together solid at room temperature red meat and dairy products associated with health problems 8
Unsaturated Fats fatty acid chains with double bonds not packed as tightly liquid at room temperature plants (canola, olive, corn) and some animal sources some health benefits (eg linoleic acid is essential in diet) Monounsaturated fat Polyunsaturated fat 9
Label the fat molecules Polyunsaturated Saturated Monounsaturated Trans Fat 10
Glycerol bonds with 2 or 3 fatty acids to form a fat 11
Forms of Lipids Triglycerides long term energy storage in animals,stored in fat cells in adipose tissue contain a glycerol and 3 fatty acids 12
Phospholipids consists of a hydrophilic (water loving) phosphate molecule and 2 hydrophobic (water hating) tails basis of cell membranes 13
Steroids 4 linked carbon rings eg cholesterol and sex hormones Testosterone 14
Importance of Fat Does FAT = BAD??? protects and cushions internal organs allows body to absorb fat soluable vitamins such as A and K insulation for the body raw materials for hormone production sort the concepts long term energy storage body stores excess fat in adipose tissue (cells have large vacuoles that act as fat receptacles) Concerns About Fat body forms adipose tissue up to around the age of 20 (so childhood obesity can have long term repercussions) concentrated energy source (1 gram of fat has more than double the energy of 1 grams of carbs) 15
Proteins are polymers of amino acids (contain C, O, H and N) there are 20 different amino acids, which have similar basic structures Some examples from the 20 R groups that make each type of amino acid unique: CH CH 3OH Threonine CH CH 3 CH 3 Valine CH 2 CH CH 3 CH 3 Leucine CH 2 CH CH 3 CH 3 Leucine CH CH 3OH CH 2 CH Threonine CH 3 CH 3 Leucine amino acids join together through peptide bonds that allow an infinite number of proteins CH CH 3 CH 3 Valine 16
Nonessential Amino Acids 11 out of 20 amino acids can be manufactured in the body Essential Amino Acids 9 of the amino acids can't be made in the body and must come from food Animal Proteins are "complete" with all 9 How does one survive on a vegetarian diet? Plant Proteins are incomplete; they do not contain all 9. Different plant products contain different amino acids. All 9 can be found in plants, but not in any one plant. 17
When protein is consumed, the body breaks the amino acid chain down and reassembles them where they are needed, in whichever configuration (type of protein) is needed. Polypeptide a molecule with many amino acids have 4 levels of structure 18
1) order of amino acids 2) primary chain folds upon itself to form a helix or pleated sheet 3) secondary structures fold over themselves into a complex 3 D form held together by ionic, covalent, hydrogen and polar bonds 4) 2 or more polypeptide chains combine to form a protein 19
Protein Function direct and control chemical reactions in life processes make up part of cell membrane provide support and shape to cells some function as hormones to send chemical messages between cells some function as enzymes to speed up chemical reactions in the body For 3 D models click here http://biomodel.uah.es/en/model3/index.htm 20
Nucleic Acids are polymers composed of nucleotides, the fundamental structural unit Drag the molecular components into their categories Nucleotides are made of three parts: A Phosphate OH Group OH HO P O OH HO P O O OH HO P O O HO P O O O N N NH2 N N N O N N NH2 H3C NH2 N CH2 O HO OH N O A Sugar CH2 HOO OH HO OH O N CH2 O A Nitrogenous Base N O CH2 O HO OH 21
Adenosine Triphosphate Types of Nucleic Acids ATP NADH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide ADP Adenosine Diphosphate NADPH Deoxyribonucleic Acid GTP Guanine Triphosphate Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate DNA Ribonucleic Acid RNA match the nucleic acid to its abbreviation 22
The Most Famous Nucleotide: DNA information storage determines the characteristics of any particular species the sugar and phosphate groups form the outer backbones (sides of ladder) bases point towards the interior (rungs of ladder) H bonds link the two chains together the ladder twists forming a double helix 23
DNA's counterpart: RNA sugar group lacks an oxygen molecule (deoxy) single helix rather than double Uracil instead of Thymine base important role in protein synthesis 24
Adenosine Sugar P Two More Really Important Nucleotides: P P ATP and ADP ATP is a single nucleotide (a monomer) consists of three phosphates attached to a ribose sugar group and an adenosine base more convenient for energy transfers in a cell Adenosine Sugar P P ADP has only two phosphate groups Mitochondrion Glucose ATP 25
So how does ATP give the cell energy pop the balloon to see Adenosine Sugar P P P Adenosine Sugar + P P P 26