CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION... 1 STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES... 1 REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDY... 1 INTENDED AUDIENCE... 1 SCOPE OF REPORT... 2 METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES... 2 ANALYST CREDENTIALS... 3 RELATED BCC REPORTS... 3 BCC ON-LINE SERVICES... 3 DISCLAIMER... 3 DISCLAIMER (CONTINUED)... 4 CHAPTER TWO: SUMMARY... 5 SUMMARY... 5 SUMMARY (CONTINUED)... 6 SUMMARY TABLE U.S. AMINO ACIDS MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 7 SUMMARY FIGURE U.S. AMINO ACIDS MARKET SIZE, 2008-2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 7 CHAPTER THREE: OVERVIEW OF AMINO ACIDS... 8 TABLE 1 THE PROTEIN AMINO ACIDS... 8 COMMERCIAL INTERESTS... 9 TABLE 2 MAJOR COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS... 9 FEED FORTIFICATION... 9 FOOD FLAVORING AGENTS... 10 SPECIALTY USES... 10 DIETARY NEEDS... 10 TABLE 3 THE ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS... 11 BIOLOGIC VALUE OF AMINO ACID MIXTURES... 11 TABLE 4 PROTEIN VALUES OF SELECTED FOODS... 12 RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCE... 12 AMINO ACID METABOLISM... 13 PROPERTIES... 13 CHEMICAL STRUCTURE... 14 TABLE 5 CHEMICAL STRUCTURES OF AMINO ACIDS... 14 ISOLATION/ANALYSIS... 14 MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY... 14 CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION... 15 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY... 15 TABLE 6 AMINO ACIDS BY PRODUCTION METHODS... 15 TABLE 6 (CONTINUED)... 16 EXTRACTION... 16 FERMENTATION... 17
MICROBIOLOGICAL PROCESSES... 17 TABLE 7 AMINO ACID PRODUCTION BY FERMENTATION... 18 CHEMICAL D SYNTHESIS... 18 ENZYMATIC CONVERSION... 19 REGULATION... 19 FEDERAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA)... 19 U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP)... 20 TABLE 8 USP VERIFIED AMINO ACID PRODUCTS... 20 The Bush Administration... 20 CHAPTER FOUR: STRUCTURE OF THE INDUSTRY AND ITS COMPETITIVE ASPECTS... 21 TABLE 9 MAJOR AMINO ACID PRODUCERS, 2011... 21 TABLE 9 (CONTINUED)... 22 FIGURE 1 SHARE OF GLOBAL AMINO ACIDS MARKET, 2011 (%)... 22 FIGURE 1 (CONTINUED)... 23 IMPORTANT STRATEGIES... 23 MARKET SHARE... 23 TABLE 10 LEADING PRODUCERS OF AMINO ACID BY TYPE... 24 FIGURE 2 MARKET SHARE OF MAJOR PLAYERS, 2011 (%)... 25 LEADING COMPANIES... 25 ADISSEO U.S.A... 25 AJINOMOTO AMINOSCIENCE, LLC... 26 AJINOMOTO CO.... 26 TABLE 11 NUMBER OF AJINOMOTO AFFLIATES PER CONTINENT... 27 AJINOMOTO FOOD INGREDIENTS, LLC... 27 AJINOMTO HEARTLAND, LLC... 27 ARCHER DANIELS MIDLAND CO. (ADM)... 28 CJ CORPORATION... 29 DAESANG CORPORATION... 29 EVONIK... 29 ICHIMARU PHARCOS CO., LTD.... 30 KYOWA HAKKO KOGYO... 30 MITSUBISHI TANABE PHARMA... 31 MONSANTO... 31 NIPPON SODA... 31 NOVUS INTERNATIONAL, INC.... 32 SANOFI-AVENTIS... 33 SHOWA DENKO K.K.... 33 TANABE USA INC.... 33 ZHEJIANG CHEMICALS... 33 MARKET FORCES... 34 CHAPTER FIVE: COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS... 35 TABLE 12 COMMERCIAL AMINO ACIDS BY USE... 35
TABLE 13 U.S. MARKET SIZE FOR AMINO ACIDS, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 36 ANIMAL FEED SUPPLEMENTS... 36 PHASE FEEDING... 37 ANIMAL FEED REGULATION... 38 International... 39 TYPICAL ANIMAL FEED PRODUCT... 39 Complete Protein Sources... 39 New Amino Acid-Based Feed Products... 40 AMINO ACID RESEARCH AND ANIMAL NUTRITION... 40 FIGURE 3 ANIMAL FEED SUPPLEMENTS MARKET SHARE, 2011 (%)... 41 FIGURE 3 (CONTINUED)... 42 CHAPTER SIX: METHIONINE... 43 METHIONINE... 43 METHIONINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS... 44 FIGURE 4 METHIONINE CONSUMPTION MARKET SHARES, 2011 (%)... 45 METHIONINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS... 45 FIGURE 5 WORLDWIDE METHIONINE MARKET SHARES BY REGION, 2011 (%)... 46 TABLE 14 MAJOR METHIONINE PRODUCTION CAPACITY WORLDWIDE BY COMPANY, 2011 (KILO TONS)... 47 TABLE 15 METHIONINE MANUFACTURERS... 48 TABLE 16 U.S. METHIONINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 48 TABLE 17 U.S. METHIONINE MANUFACTURING CAPACITIES ANNUAL CAPACITY, 2011 (MILLION LB.)... 49 METHIONINE PRODUCT TYPES AND COMPARATIVE NUTRITIONAL VALUES... 50 TABLE 18 PRODUCTION AND TRADE IN METHIONINE DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION: DL METHIONINE, THROUGH 2016 (MILLION LB.)... 50 TABLE 19 U.S. CONSUMPTION OF METHIONINE, THROUGH 2016 (MILLION LB., 99% DL METHIONINE BASIS)... 51 PRICE OF METHIONINE... 51 TABLE 20 AVERAGE PRICE OF METHIONINE, THROUGH 2016 ($/LB)... 51 METHIONINE PATENTS... 52 METHIONINE PATENTS (CONTINUED)... 53 METHIONINE PATENTS (CONTINUED)... 54 PATENTS BY CATEGORY... 55 TABLE 21 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998 2011... 55 TABLE 22 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO METHIONINE PRODUCTS, 1998-2011... 56
TABLE 23 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO METHIONINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%)... 56 CHAPTER SEVEN: LYSINE... 57 LYSINE... 57 LYSINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS... 58 TABLE 24 LYSINE PRODUCTION CAPACITY, 2011 (KILO TONS)... 59 CHINA AND FEED... 59 FIGURE 6 MARKET SHARE FOR LEADING LYSINE PRODUCERS, 2011 (%)... 60 VALUE OF U.S. LYSINE MARKET... 61 TABLE 25 U.S. LYSINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 61 TABLE 26 ANNUAL U.S. LYSINE MANUFACTURING CAPACITIES, 2011 (KILO TONS)... 61 TABLE 27 PRICE OF LYSINE, THROUGH 2016 (98.5% L-LYSINE MONOHYDROCHLORIDE)... 62 TABLE 28 PRODUCTION AND TRADE IN LYSINE, THROUGH 2016 (MILLION LB., 98.5% L-LYSINE MONOHYDROCHLORIDE)... 63 TABLE 29 U.S. CONSUMPTION OF LYSINE, THROUGH 2016 (MILLION LB., 98.5% L-LYSINE MONOHYDROCHLORIDE)... 63 LYSINE PATENTS... 64 LYSINE PATENTS (CONTINUED)... 65 LYSINE PATENTS (CONTINUED)... 66 LYSINE PATENTS (CONTINUED)... 67 PATENTS BY CATEGORY... 67 TABLE 30 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998 2011... 68 TABLE 31 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO LYSINE PRODUCTS, 1998-2011... 69 TABLE 32 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO LYSINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, 1998 2011 (NUMBER/%)... 70 CHAPTER EIGHT: THREONINE... 71 THREONINE... 71 THREONINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS... 72 TABLE 33 THREONINE PRODUCTION CAPACITY, 2011 (KTONS)... 72 FIGURE 7 MARKET SHARE FOR LEADING THREONINE PRODUCERS, 2011 (%)... 72 FIGURE 7 (CONTINUED)... 73 THREONINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS... 73 TABLE 34 THREONINE PRODUCERS... 73 TABLE 35 U.S. THREONINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 74 THREONINE PRICING... 74 TABLE 36 PRICE OF THREONINE, THROUGH 2016... 74
VALUE OF THE U.S. THREONINE MARKET... 74 THREONINE PATENTS... 75 THREONINE PATENTS (CONTINUED)... 75 PATENTS BY CATEGORY... 76 TABLE 37 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998 2011... 77 TABLE 38 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO THREONINE PRODUCTS, 1998 2011... 77 TABLE 39 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO THREONINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%)... 78 CHAPTER NINE: TRYPTOPHAN... 79 TRYPTOPHAN... 79 TRYPTOPHAN APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS... 80 TABLE 40 TRYPTOPHAN PRODUCERS... 80 TRYPTOPHAN REGULATIONS... 80 TRYPTOPHAN HEALTH APPLICATIONS... 81 TRYPTOPHAN FAT FIGHTER... 82 TRYPTOPHAN CAPACITY... 82 PRICING... 82 TABLE 41 TRYPTOPHAN PRICES, THROUGH 2016 ($/KG)... 83 VALUE OF U.S. TRYPTOPHAN MARKET... 83 TABLE 42 U.S. VALUE OF TRYPTOPHAN IN ANIMAL FEED, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 83 TRYPTOPHAN PATENTS... 83 TRYPTOPHAN PATENTS (CONTINUED)... 84 PATENTS BY CATEGORY... 85 TABLE 43 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998 2011 (NUMBER/%)... 85 TABLE 44 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO L-TRYPTOPHAN PRODUCTS, 1998 2011... 85 TABLE 45 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO L-TRYPTOPHAN PRODUCTS BY YEAR, 1997 2011... 86 CHAPTER TEN: SUMMARY OF U.S. MARKET SIZE FOR ANIMAL FEED AMINO ACIDS... 87 TABLE 46 SUMMARY OF ANIMAL FEED AMINO ACIDS U.S. MARKET, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 87 FIGURE 8 SUMMARY OF ANIMAL FEED AMINO ACIDS U.S. MARKET, 2008-2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 88 CONSUMPTION OF METHIONINE, LYSINE, THREONINE AND TRYPTOPHAN IN FEEDSTUFFS... 88 POULTRY FEEDS... 89 TABLE 47 POULTRY FEED COMPOSITIONS... 89 TABLE 48 AMINO ACID FEED COMPOSITIONS (LB/TON)... 90 SWINE FEEDS... 90
TECHNICAL FACTORS... 91 PHYTASE... 91 HIGH CORN OIL (HOC)... 91 HYDROLYSATES... 91 ANIMAL BY-PRODUCTS... 91 DAIRY AND BEEF CATTLE, SHEEP, AQUACULTURE, AND PET FOOD... 92 DAIRY AND BEEF CATTLE FEEDS... 92 SHEEP FEEDS... 92 AQUACULTURE... 92 PET FOODS... 92 TABLE 49 PET FOODS WITH ADDED AMINO ACIDS... 93 CHAPTER ELEVEN: FOOD FLAVORING AGENTS... 94 FIGURE 9 AMINO ACID FLAVORANTS WORLDWIDE MARKET SHARE, 2011 (%)... 94 FIGURE 9 (CONTINUED)... 95 VALUE OF U.S. MARKET FOR FOOD FLAVORINGS... 95 TABLE 50 SUMMARY OF AMINO ACID FLAVORING AGENTS, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 95 FIGURE 10 SUMMARY OF AMINO ACID FLAVORING AGENTS, 2008 AND 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 96 PHENYLALANINE... 97 PHENYLALANINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS... 97 Aspartame Artificial Sweeteners... 97 Competitive Aspects of the Sweeteners Market... 97 Aspartame-Sweetened Products... 98 TABLE 51 SUGAR SUBSTITUTE PRICES, 2011 ($/100 COUNT BOX)... 99 Diet Beverage Aspartame Use... 99 Diet Candy Market... 99 Aspartame and Coffee... 100 Problems with Aspartame... 100 PHENYLALANINE PHARMACEUTICAL USES... 100 EUROPEAN ASPARTAME... 100 PHENYLALANINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS... 101 TABLE 52 PHENYLALANINE PRODUCERS... 101 PHENYLALANINE PRICING... 101 TABLE 53 PHENYLALANINE PRICES, 1980-2016 ($/LB)... 102 FIGURE 11 PHENYLALANINE PRICES, 1988-2016 ($/LB)... 102 VALUE OF U.S. PHENYLALANINE MARKET... 103 TABLE 54 U.S. PHENYLALANINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)... 103 PHENYLALANINE PATENTS... 103 Phenylalanine Patents (Continued)... 104
Phenylalanine Patents (Continued)... 105 Patents by Category... 106 TABLE 55 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998 2011 (NUMBER/%)... 107 TABLE 56 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO PHENYLALANINE PRODUCTS, 1998 2011... 108 TABLE 57 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO PHENYLALANINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, 1998 2011 (NUMBER/%)... 109 CHAPTER TWELVE: GLUTAMIC ACID... 110 GLUTAMIC ACID PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY... 110 GLUTAMIC ACID APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS... 111 MSG REGULATION... 112 CHINESE RESTAURANT SYNDROME... 112 FASEB Report on MSG... 113 FDA Proposals for MSG... 114 Dangers of MSG... 114 Truth in Labeling Campaign (TLC)... 114 GLUTAMIC ACID CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS... 115 TABLE 58 GLUTAMIC ACID MANUFACTURERS... 115 PRICING... 116 VALUE OF U.S. GLUTAMIC ACID MARKET... 116 TABLE 59 U.S. GLUTAMIC ACID MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 116 GLUTAMIC ACID PATENTS... 116 GLUTAMIC ACID PATENTS (CONTINUED)... 117 GLUTAMIC ACID PATENTS (CONTINUED)... 118 GLUTAMIC ACID PATENTS (CONTINUED)... 119 PATENTS BY CATEGORY... 120 TABLE 60 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998 2011 (NUMBER/%)... 120 TABLE 60 (CONTINUED)... 121 TABLE 61 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO GLUTAMIC ACID PRODUCTS, 1998 2011... 121 TABLE 61 (CONTINUED)... 122 TABLE 62 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO GLUTAMIC ACID PRODUCTS BY YEAR, 1998 2011 (NUMBER/%)... 122 CHAPTER THIRTEEN: CYSTEINE/CYSTINE... 123 CYSTEINE/CYSTINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY... 123 CYSTEINE/CYSTINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS... 124 TABLE 63 CYSTEINE PRODUCERS... 124 CYSTEINE PRICING... 124 VALUE OF U.S. CYSTEINE/CYSTINE MARKET... 124
TABLE 64 U.S. CYSTEINE/CYSTINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 (TONS/YEAR)... 125 CYSTEINE/CYSTINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS... 125 CYSTEINE AND NUTRACEUTICALS... 125 CYSTEINE/CYSTINE PATENTS... 126 CYSTEINE AND HIV... 126 Cysteine and HIV (Continued)... 127 CYSTEINE AND COSMETICS... 128 Cysteine and Cosmetics (Continued)... 129 CYSTEINE PATENTS... 130 PATENTS BY CATEGORY... 131 TABLE 65 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998 2011 (NUMBER/%)... 131 TABLE 65 (CONTINUED)... 132 TABLE 66 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO CYSTEINE PRODUCTS, 1998 2011... 132 TABLE 66 (CONTINUED)... 133 TABLE 67 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO CYSTEINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, 1998 2011 (NUMBER/%)... 133 CHAPTER FOURTEEN: ASPARTIC ACID... 134 ASPARTIC ACID PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY... 134 ASPARTIC ACID CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS... 134 TABLE 68 ASPARTIC ACID MANUFACTURERS... 135 ASPARTIC ACID PRICING... 135 TABLE 69 U.S. ASPARTIC ACID MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 136 TABLE 70 ASPARTIC ACID PRICES, THROUGH 2016 ($/LB)... 136 ASPARTIC ACID APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS... 136 ASPARTIC ACID COPOLYMERS... 136 ASPARTIC ACID PATENTS... 137 PATENTS BY CATEGORY... 138 TABLE 71 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998 2011 (NUMBER/%)... 138 TABLE 72 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO ASPARTIC ACID PRODUCTS, 1998-2011... 139 TABLE 73 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO ASPARTIC ACID PRODUCTS BY YEAR, 1998 2011 (NUMBER/%)... 140 CHAPTER FIFTEEN: SPECIALTY USES... 141 PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS... 141 RESEARCH PURPOSES... 142 CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES... 143
TABLE 74 AMINO ACIDS FOR SPECIALTY USES... 143 CHAPTER SIXTEEN: GLYCINE... 144 GLYCINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY... 144 GLYCINE PATENTS... 145 RECENT PATENTS... 145 Recent Patents (Continued)... 146 GLYCINE PHARMACEUTICAL USES... 147 GLYCINE FOOD APPLICATIONS... 147 GLYCINE NON-FOOD APPLICATIONS... 148 GLYCINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS... 148 TABLE 75 GLYCINE MANUFACTURERS... 149 GLYCINE PRICING... 149 VALUE OF U.S. GLYCINE MARKET... 149 TABLE 76 U.S. GLYCINE MARKET PRICE, THROUGH 2016 ($/LB)... 149 FIGURE 12 U.S. GLYCINE MARKET PRICE, 2011-2016 ($/LB)... 150 TABLE 77 U.S. GLYCINE IMPORTS, 2008-2016 (MILLION LB.)... 150 CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: ALANINE... 151 ALANINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY... 151 ALANINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS... 152 ALANINE PATENTS... 152 ALANINE PATENTS (CONTINUED)... 153 PATENTS BY CATEGORY... 154 TABLE 78 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998 2011 (NUMBER/%)... 154 TABLE 78 (CONTINUED)... 155 TABLE 79 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO ALANINE PRODUCTS, 1998 2011... 156 TABLE 80 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO ALANINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%)... 157 ALANINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS... 157 TABLE 81 ALANINE MANUFACTURERS... 157 ALANINE PRICING... 157 VALUE OF U.S. ALANINE MARKET... 158 TABLE 82 U.S. ALANINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 158 FIGURE 13 U.S. ALANINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 158 CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: ARGININE... 159 ARGININE PATENTS... 159 RECENT ARGININE PATENTS... 160 MEDICAL APPLICATIONS... 161 Cancer Fighters... 162
OTHER ARGININE PATENTS... 162 PATENTS BY CATEGORY... 163 TABLE 83 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998 2011 (NUMBER/%)... 163 TABLE 83 (CONTINUED)... 164 TABLE 84 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO ARGININE PRODUCTS, 1998 2011... 165 TABLE 85 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO ARGININE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%)... 166 ARGININE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS... 166 TABLE 86 ARGININE MANUFACTURERS... 166 ARGININE PRICING... 166 VALUE OF U.S. ARGININE MARKET... 166 TABLE 87 U.S. ARGININE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 167 FIGURE 14 U.S. ARGININE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 167 CHAPTER NINETEEN: PROLINE... 168 PROLINE TECHNOLOGY... 168 PROLINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS... 169 TABLE 88 PROLINE MANUFACTURERS... 169 PROLINE PRICING... 169 VALUE OF U.S. PROLINE MARKET... 169 TABLE 89 U.S. PROLINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 170 FIGURE 15 U.S. PROLINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 170 PROLINE PATENTS... 170 PROLINE PATENTS (CONTINUED)... 171 PATENTS BY CATEGORY... 172 TABLE 90 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%)... 173 TABLE 91 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO PROLINE PRODUCTS, 1998 2011... 174 TABLE 92 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO PROLINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, 1998 2011 (NUMBER/%)... 174 CHAPTER TWENTY: LEUCINE... 175 LEUCINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY... 175 LEUCINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS... 175 LEUCINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS... 176 TABLE 93 LEUCINE MANUFACTURERS... 176 LEUCINE PRICING... 176 TABLE 94 U.S. LEUCINE PRICES (1 KG)... 176
VALUE OF U.S. LEUCINE MARKET... 177 TABLE 95 U.S. LEUCINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 177 FIGURE 16 U.S. LEUCINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 177 LEUCINE PATENTS... 177 LEUCINE PATENTS (CONTINUED)... 178 PATENTS BY CATEGORY... 179 TABLE 96 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998 2011 (NUMBER/%)... 179 TABLE 97 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO LEUCINE PRODUCTS, 1998 2011... 180 TABLE 98 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO LEUCINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%)... 180 CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE: VALINE... 181 VALINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY... 181 VALINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS... 181 VALINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS... 182 TABLE 99 VALINE PRODUCERS... 182 VALINE PRICING... 182 VALUE OF U.S. VALINE MARKET... 182 TABLE 100 U.S. VALINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 182 FIGURE 17 U.S. VALINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 183 VALINE PATENTS... 183 PATENTS BY CATEGORY... 184 TABLE 101 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998 2011 (NUMBER/%)... 184 TABLE 102 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO VALINE PRODUCTS, 1998 2011... 185 TABLE 103 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO VALINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, 1998 2011 (NUMBER/%)... 185 CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO: TYROSINE... 186 TYROSINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY... 186 TYROSINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS... 186 TYROSINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS... 187 TABLE 104 TYROSINE MANUFACTURERS... 187 TYROSINE PRICING... 188 VALUE OF U.S. TYROSINE MARKET... 188 TABLE 105 U.S. TYROSINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 188
FIGURE 18 U.S. TYROSINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 188 TYROSINE PATENTS... 189 TYROSINE PATENTS (CONTINUED)... 190 TYROSINE PATENTS (CONTINUED)... 191 PATENTS BY CATEGORY... 192 TABLE 106 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998 2011 (NUMBER/%)... 193 TABLE 107 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO TYROSINE PRODUCTS, 1998 2011... 194 TABLE 108 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO TYROSINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%)... 195 CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE: ISOLEUCINE... 196 ISOLEUCINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY... 196 ISOLEUCINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS... 197 ISOLEUCINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS... 198 TABLE 109 ISOLEUCINE MANUFACTURERS... 198 ISOLEUCINE PRICING... 198 VALUE OF U.S. ISOLEUCINE MARKET... 198 TABLE 110 U.S. ISOLEUCINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 199 FIGURE 19 U.S. ISOLEUCINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 199 ISOLEUCINE PATENTS... 199 PATENTS BY CATEGORY... 200 TABLE 111 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998 2011 (NUMBER/%)... 201 TABLE 112 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO ISOLEUCINE PRODUCTS, 1998 2011... 201 TABLE 113 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO ISOLEUCINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, 1999 2011 (NUMBER/%)... 202 CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR: SERINE... 203 SERINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY... 203 SERINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS... 204 SERINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS... 204 TABLE 114 SERINE MANUFACTURERS... 204 SERINE PRICING... 204 VALUE OF U.S. SERINE MARKET... 205 TABLE 115 U.S. SERINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 205 FIGURE 20 U.S. SERINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 205 SERINE PATENTS... 206
PATENTS BY CATEGORY... 207 TABLE 116 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998 2011 (NUMBER/%)... 208 TABLE 117 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO SERINE PRODUCTS, 1998 2011... 208 TABLE 117 (CONTINUED)... 209 TABLE 118 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO SERINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, 1998 2011 (NUMBER/%)... 209 CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE: ASPARAGINE... 210 ASPARAGINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY... 210 ASPARAGINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS... 210 ASPARAGINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS... 211 TABLE 119 ASPARAGINE MANUFACTURERS... 211 ASPARAGINE PRICING... 211 VALUE OF U.S. ASPARAGINE MARKET... 211 TABLE 120 U.S. ASPARAGINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 212 FIGURE 21 U.S. ASPARAGINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 212 ASPARAGINE PATENTS... 212 ASPARAGINE PATENTS (CONTINUED)... 213 PATENTS BY CATEGORY... 214 TABLE 121 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%)... 215 TABLE 122 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO ASPARAGINE PRODUCTS, 1998 2011... 215 TABLE 123 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO ASPARAGINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, 1998 2011 (NUMBER/%)... 216 CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX: GLUTAMINE... 217 GLUTAMINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY... 217 GLUTAMINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS... 217 GLUTAMINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS... 218 TABLE 124 GLUTAMINE MANUFACTURERS... 218 GLUTAMINE PRICING & CONSUMPTION... 219 VALUE OF U.S. GLUTAMINE MARKET... 219 TABLE 125 U.S. GLUTAMINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 219 FIGURE 22 U.S. GLUTAMINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 219 GLUTAMINE PATENTS... 220 PATENTS BY CATEGORY... 221 TABLE 126 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998 2011 (NUMBER/%)... 222
TABLE 127 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO GLUTAMINE PRODUCTS, 1998 2011... 223 TABLE 128 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO GLUTAMINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, 1998 2011 (NUMBER/%)... 224 CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN: HISTIDINE... 225 HISTIDINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY... 225 HISTIDINE APPLICATIONS... 226 HISTIDINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS... 226 TABLE 129 HISTIDINE MANUFACTURERS... 226 HISTIDINE PRICING... 227 VALUE OF U.S. HISTIDINE MARKET... 227 TABLE 130 U.S. HISTIDINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 227 FIGURE 23 U.S. HISTIDINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 227 HISTIDINE PATENTS... 228 HISTIDINE PATENTS (CONTINUED)... 229 PATENTS BY CATEGORY... 230 TABLE 131 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998 2011 (NUMBER/%)... 230 TABLE 132 U.S. PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO HISTIDINE PRODUCTS, 1998 2011... 231 TABLE 133 U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO HISTIDINE PRODUCTS BY YEAR, 1998 2011 (NUMBER/%)... 231 CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT: SPECIALTY AMINO ACIDS... 232 TABLE 134 SUMMARY OF SPECIALTY AMINO ACIDS, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS)... 232 FIGURE 24 PERCENTAGE SHARE OF SPECIALTY AMINO ACIDS, 2011 (%)... 233 OTHER SPECIALTY USES OF AMINO ACIDS... 234 COSMETICS AND AMINO ACIDS... 234 PHOTOGRAPHY AND AMINO ACIDS... 235 DETERGENT AND AMINO ACIDS... 235 Detergent and Amino Acids (Continued)... 236 AMINO ACID HEALTH APPLICATIONS... 237 Amino Acid Health Applications (Continued)... 238 APPENDIX I: ANCILLARY COMPANIES... 239 TABLE 135 CELL CULTURE REAGENTS/AMINO ACIDS SUPPLIERS... 239 TABLE 136 AMINO ACID STANDARDS SUPPLIERS PROVIDING PROTEIN CHEMISTRY REAGENTS AND AMINO ACID ANALYSIS... 240 TABLE 137 AMINO ACID ANALYZERS SUPPLIERS PROVIDING INSTRUMENTATION AND LAB EQUIPMENT... 240
TABLE 138 AMINO ACID ANALYSIS SUPPLIERS PROVIDING CUSTOM SERVICES FOR BIOCHEMISTRY AND PROTEIN CHEMISTRY-RELATED SERVICES... 241 TABLE 139 AMINO ACID POLYMER SYNTHESIS SUPPLIERS PROVIDING CUSTOM SERVICES AND BIOCHEMISTRY/PROTEIN CHEMISTRY-RELATED SERVICES... 241 TABLE 140 AMINO ACIDS SUPPLIERS OF RADIOCHEMICALS AND LABELED COMPOUNDS... 241