Heart Failure Clin 2 (2006) 101 105 Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A ACE inhibitors, in diabetic hypertension, 30 31 Adipokines, cardiovascular events related to, 6 Advanced glycosylation end products, as cause of diabetic cardiomyopathy, 73 glucose toxicity and, 63 Albuminuria, and cardiovascular risk, 53 59 antihypertensive agents and, 55 56 blood pressure goals in, 57 Amylinomimetics, glucose control and, 66 Angiotensin II, adverse cardiovascular effects of, 81, 82 Angiotensin receptor blockers, as shield against consequences of insulin resistance, 81 82 in chronic heart failure, 83 in clinical practice, 86 in diabetic hypertension, 31 mechanisms of action of, 81 rationale and indications for, in heart failure, 81 88 Antidiabetic therapy, and lipids, 47 48 Antihypertensive agents, and albuminuria, 55 56 Atorvastatin, 43 44 Atrial fibrillation, obesity as risk factor for, 5 B Beta blockade, in diabetic heart failure, 89 99 experience with, 91 95 in heart failure clinical trials, 91 93 safety of, 95 96 Beta blockers, benefits of, in diabetic patients, 90 cardiovascular benefits of, in diabetic patients, 90 cardiovascular effects of, 89 90 effect in diabetic and nondiabetic heart failure, 92 in diabetic hypertension, 31 32 metabolic effects of, 90 91 noncardiovascular concerns in, in diabetic patients, 90 Beta-blocking medications, as standard therapy for heart failure, 18 Biguanides, glucose control and, 67 Blood pressure, goals for, in albuminuria, 57 Bucindolol, in heart failure, 92 C C-reactive protein, coronary artery disease and, 5, 6 Calcium channel blockers, in diabetic hypertension, 32 Candesartan, CHARM trials of, in heart failure, 84, 85 Cardiometabolic syndrome, hypertension in, 26 27 Cardiomyopathy, and diabetes, association of, 72 diabetic. See Diabetic cardiomyopathy. lipid, 39 40 of insulin resistance, 13 23 Cardiovascular disease, and diabetic hypertension, 26 and insulin resistance, mechanics linking, 4 7 diabetes and, 45 in type 2 diabetes, 25 mortality in, and kidney disease progression, macroalbuminuria level and, 54 56 Cardiovascular endpoints, lipids, diabetes mellitus and, 48 Cardiovascular risk, albuminuria and, 53 59 Carvedilol, in heart failure, 92, 93 CHARM-Added trial, 85 CHARM-Alternative trial, 85 CHARM-Preserved trial, 86 1551-7136/06/$ see front matter D 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/s1551-7136(06)00029-8 heartfailure.theclinics.com
102 INDEX CHARM trials, of candesartan, in heart failure, 84, 85 Clonidine, in diabetic hypertension, 32 Congestive heart failure, after myocardial infarction, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in, 84 85 and diabetes, 72 angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in, and angiotensin receptor blockers in, compared, 82 84 angiotensin receptor blockers in, in angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor intolerance, 85 chronic, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in, 85 86 metabolic syndrome as cause of, 1 Copper metabolism, diabetic cardiomyopathy and, 74 Coronary artery disease, C-reactive protein and, 5, 6 D Diabetes mellitus, altered triglyceride metabolism in, 39 and cardiomyopathy, association of, 72 and cardiovascular disease, 45 congestive heart failure and, 72 heart failure and, 41 heart failure as risk factor for, 72 hospitalization in heart failure in, 71 hypertension in, 25 36 and weight loss in, 29 30 body composition and fat distribution in, 29 cardiovascular disease in, 26 inflammation and oxidative stress in, 29 management of, 30 32 nonpharmacologic treatment of, 29 30 pathophysiology of, 27 29 pharmacotherapy in, 30 32 renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation in, 28 sodium and volume retention in, 27 29 stroke in, 26 sympathetic nervous system activity and, 28 incidence of, 25 insulin resistance and, 89 lipid-lowering therapy in, effectiveness of, 42 lipids, and cardiovascular endpoints, 48 niacin in, clinical trial data on, 44 45 type 2, 1 cardiovascular disease in, 25 fixed-dose combinations in, 67 68 incidence of heart failure in, 41, 42 treatment of, 65 Diabetic cardiomyopathy, 71 80 autonomic dysfunction in, 74 75 causes of, advanced glycosylation end products as, 73 metabolic defects as, 73 74 diagnosis of, 75 76 epidemiology of, 71 72 microvascular disease and, 74 prevalence of, 72 risk factors for, 75 role of lipotoxicity in, 74 screening for, 76 sympathetic and renin-angiotensin activation in, 75 treatment of, 76 77 Diabetic dyslipidemia, 5 and cardiac dysfunction, 40 41 low-density and high-density lipoprotein changes in, 39 management of, clinical trials on, 41 44 pathophysiology of, 37 38 treatment considerations in, 45 47 treatment goals in, 46 Diabetic heart failure, and nondiabetic heart failure, effect of beta blockers in, 92 beta blockade in, 89 99 experience with, 91 95 in heart failure clinical trials, 91 93 safety of, 95 96 Diabetic nephropathy, in hypertension, 26 Diabetic patients, in heart failure trials, meta-analyses of, 93 95 Diet, in diabetic hypertension, 30 Dyslipidemia, in diabetes. See Diabetic dyslipidemia. E ELITE trials, in congestive heart failure, 84 End-stage renal disease, 53 Exercise, in diabetic hypertension, 30 F Fat distribution, Fatty acids, free, lipotoxicity and, 62 Fenofibrate, 44 Fetal gene program, in diabetic cardiomyopathy, 74 Fibrinolysis, impaired, in metabolic syndrome, 7
INDEX 103 Framingham Heart Study, diabetic cardiomyopathy and, 71 Free fatty acids, lipotoxicity and, 62 G Glucose toxicity, advanced glycation end points and, 63 cellular responses to, balancing of, 64 65 oxidative stress and, 63 64 à-glucosidase inhibitors, glucose control and, 67 Glycosylation end products, advanced, as cause of diabetic cardiomyopathy, 73 glucose toxicity and, 63 H Heart, diabetic, activation of sympathetic nervous system in, 17 diabetic dyslipidemia and, 37 52 effect of hyperglycemia and its therapies on, 61 70 Heart disease, ischemic, hyperinsulinemia as risk factor for, 3 lipotoxic, 38 40 Heart failure, as risk factor for diabetes, 72 beta-blocking medications as standard therapy for, 18 chronic, angiotensin receptor blockers in, 83 compensated, thiazolidinediones in, 18 congestive. See Congestive heart failure. diabetes and, 41, 42 diabetic. See Diabetic heart failure. hospitalization in, in diabetes, 71 inflammation, and insulin resistance, 17 metabolic syndrome and, 1 11 rationale and indications for angiotensin receptor bloockers in, 81 88 Heart failure trials, diabetic subjects in, meta-analyses of, 93 95 Hydralazine, in diabetic hypertension, 32 Hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance, 4 effect of, and effect of therapies on heart, 61 70 Hyperinsulinemia, as risk factor for ischemic heart disease, 3 Hyperlipidemia, and diabetes, 5 Hypertension, and insulin resistance, 4, 27 diabetic, 25 36 body composition and fat distribution in, 29 cardiovascular disease and, 26 inflammation and oxidative stress in, 29 management of, 30 32 nonpharmacologic treatment of, 29 30 pharmacotherapy in, 30 32 renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation in, 28 sodium and volume retention in, 28 stroke in, 26 sympathetic nervous system activity and, 28 weight loss in, 29 30 diabetic nephropathy in, 26 in cardiometabolic syndrome, 26 27 pathophysiology of, in patient with diabetes mellitus, 27 29 vascular/endothelial dysfunction in, 27 28 I Incretin mimetics, insulin secretion and, 66 Inflammation, cardiovascular events related to, 5 7 insulin resistance, and heart failure, 17 lipotoxicity and, 62 63 Insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease, mechanics linking, 4 7 cardiomyopathy of, 13 23 and response to treatment, 14 energy metabolism of, 15 16 epidemiologic and clinical evidence of, 13 14 pathophysiologic links in, 15 17 consequences of, angiotensin receptor blockers as shield against, 81 82 diabetes and, 89 diastolic dysfunction as manifestation of, 17 energy deficit, and uncoupling proteins, 16 17 energy metabolism, and heart failure, 16 hypertension and, 4, 27 inflammation, and heart failure, 17 measurement of, 3 moderate hyperglycemia and, 4 obesity and, 4 5 thiazolidinediones in, 7 8 treatment of, therapy targets in, 17 18 Insulin resistance syndrome. See also Metabolic syndrome. K Kidney disease, chronic, 53 epidemiology of, 53 progression of, macroalbuminuria, and cardiovascular mortality, 54 56
104 INDEX L Lipid cardiomyopathy, 39 40 Lipid-lowering agents, 43 Lipid-lowering therapy, in diabetes, effectiveness of, 42 Lipids, antidiabetic therapy and, 47 48 cardiovascular endpoints, diabetes mellitus and, 48 Lipoapoptosis, 38 Lipoproteins, changes in, in diabetic dyslipidemia, 39 Lipotoxic heart disease, 38 40 Lipotoxicity, cellular responses to, balancing of, 64 65 free fatty acids and, 62 inflammation and, 62 63 role in diabetic cardiomyopathy, 74 N Nebivolol, in heart failure, 92 93 Nephropathy, diabetic, in hypertension, 26 Neuropathy, cardiovascular autonomic, 74 75 Niacin, in diabetes, clinical trial data on, 44 45 O Obesity, and insulin resistance, 4 5 as risk factor for atrial fibrillation, 5 cardiac failure in, 5 OPTIMAAL trial, post-myocardial infarction, 84 Oxidative stress, cellular responses to, balancing of, 64 65 glucose toxicity and, 63 64 M Macroalbuminuria, blood pressure and, 56 kidney disease progression, and cardiovascular mortality, 54 56 outcome trials and, 54 56 Metabolic defects, as cause of diabetic cardiomyopathy, 73 Metabolic syndrome, as cause of congestive heart failure, 1 criteria for diagnosis of, 2, 38 definition of, 1 heart failure and, 1 11 impact of treatments on, 7 8 incidence of, 1 prevalence and antecedents of, 1 risk for congestive heart failure, 7 8 Metaprolol, in heart failure, 92 Metformin, in diabetic cardiomyopathy, 76 77 Microalbuminuria, as cardiovascular marker, 53 54 blood pressure and, 56 cardiovascular events related to, 7 evaluation and work-up of, 56, 57 Microvascular disease, diabetic cardiomyopathy and, 74 Muraglitazar, in diabetic cardiomyopathy, 77 Myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure after, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in, 84 85 P Pramlintide, glucose control and, 66 Protein, C-reactive, coronary artery disease and, 5, 6 Proteinuria, blood pressure and, 56 kidney disease progression, and cardiovascular mortality, 54 56 outcome trials and, 54 56 R Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, activation of, S Secretogogues, to increase insulin secretion, 65 66 Sodium retention, in diabetic hypertension, 28 Stroke, and diabetic hypertension, 26 Sympathetic nervous system, activation of, and diabetic heart, 17 activity of, in diabetic hypertension, 28 T Thiazide diuretics, in diabetic hypertension, 32 Thiazolidinediones, glucose control and, 66 67 in compensated heart failure, 18
INDEX 105 in diabetic cardiomyopathy, 76 77 in insulin resistance, 7 8 Triglycerides, accumulation in heart, 39 40 altered metabolism of, in diabetes mellitus, 39 VALIANT trial, post-myocardial infarction, 84 Vascular/endothelial dysfunction, in hypertension, 27 28 V Val-HeFT trial, 85 W Weight loss, in hypertension and diabetes, 29 30