Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis

Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis

Jozef Rovenský Burkhard Leeb Viera Štvrtinová Richard Imrich Editors Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis Third Edition

Editors Josef Rovenský Department of Rheumatology National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases Piešťany Slovakia Viera Štvrtinová 2nd Internal Clinic Medical Faculty Comenius University Bratislava Slovakia Burkhard Leeb 2nd Department of Medicine State Hospital of Stockerau Stockerau Austria Richard Imrich Biomedical Research Center Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava Slovakia Original English edition published by Academic Press Slovakia, Bratislava, 2007; 2nd edition published by Springer Wien, 2010 ISBN 978-3-319-52221-0 ISBN 978-3-319-52222-7 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-52222-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017946478 Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Preface In the present monograph, we offer current insights into polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Both diseases are typical for advanced age, and their incidences increase with aging. Both diseases are a center point of interest not only for rheumatologists, gerontologists, ophthalmologists, or neurologists but also for general practitioners. Early diagnosis and rapid treatment, mainly with glucocorticoids, can save one of the most precious senses-vision. Damage to other organs (heart, aorta, coronary arteries, liver, lungs, kidneys), which are supplied by the arteries affected by ischemic syndrome in the setting of giant cell arteritis, has serious consequences as well. Late diagnosis of giant cell arteritis can have fatal consequences for affected patients. It is a matter of fact that the human population is aging. Therefore, more attention has to be paid not only to the diagnosis, clinical course, and treatment of rheumatic diseases in the elderly but also to their genetic, immunologic, endocrinologic, chronobiologic mechanisms and state-of-the-art diagnostic modalities. I am convinced that the interdisciplinary research of the diseases will allow us to diagnose and treat the rheumatic diseases even faster and more effectively in the future. v

Contents 1 Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis: An Overview with a Focus on Important Factors Contributing to the Severity of the Disease.............................................. 1 Jozef Rovenský, Burkhard F. Leeb, Viera Štvrtinová, Richard Imrich, and Juraj Duda 2 Polymyalgia Rheumatica, Temporal Arteritis, and Occurrence of Malignant Tumors....................................... 17 Jozef Rovenský and Alena Tuchyňová 3 Polymyalgia Rheumatica, Giant Cell Arteritis, and Vascular Complications............................................. 23 Viera Štvrtinová, Denisa Čelovská, Svetoslav Štvrtina, and Jozef Rovenský 4 Coronary Artery Vasculitis and Atherosclerosis in Giant Cell Arteritis....................................... 39 Viera Štvrtinová, Jozef Rovenský, and Alena Tuchyňová 5 Immunocompetent Cells and Their Role in Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis.......................... 45 Stanislava Blažíčková, Jozef Rovenský, and Richard Imrich 6 Genetic Factors in Giant Cell Arteritis and Polymyalgia Rheumatica................................ 57 Vladimír Bošák 7 Chronobiology of Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis..................................... 69 Howard Bird 8 Neuroendocrine Changes in PMR and GCA.................... 75 Richard Imrich and Jozef Rovenský 9 Imaging Techniques: Positron Emission Tomography in GCA and PMR.......................................... 81 Zdeněk Řehák vii

viii Contents 10 Usefulness of 18 F-FDG PET/CT for the Diagnosis of Polymyalgia Rheumatica.................................. 95 Lenka Franeková 11 Involvement of the Aorta in GCA............................. 99 Viera Štvrtinová, Svetoslav Štvrtina, and Jozef Rovenský 12 Biologicals: A Perspective for the Treatment of PMR/GCA........ 113 Burkhard F. Leeb 13 Monitoring Tools for Polymyalgia Rheumatica/Giant Cell Arteritis.............................................. 121 Burkhard F. Leeb 14 The Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Giant Cell Arteritis..... 133 Denisa Čelovská and Viera Štvrtinová 15 Temporal Arteritis and Polymyalgia Rheumatica: An Acute Condition in Rheumatology......................... 145 Želmíra Macejová 16 Giant Cell Arteritis, Polymyalgia Rheumatica, and Ocular Involvement..................................... 151 Jozef Rovenský and Igor Kozák 17 Juvenile Temporal Arteritis: Review........................... 179 Jozef Rovenský 18 The Current Standardized Classification Systems and Risk Factors in Polymyalgia Rheumatica................... 189 Zbyněk Hrnčíř and Jindra Brtková 19 Giant-Cell Arteritis: Review................................. 201 Jozef Rovenský 20 PMR and GCA Case Reports................................ 209 Manfred Herold