Unit 3: Chemistry of Life Mr. Nagel Meade High School
IB Syllabus Statements 3.2.1 Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. 3.2.2 Identify amino acids, glucose, ribose and fatty acids from diagrams showing their structure. 3.2.3 List three examples each of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. 3.2.4 State one function of glucose, lactose and glycogen in animals, and of fructose, sucrose and cellulose in plants. 3.2.5 Outline the role of condensation and hydrolysis in the relationships between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides; between fatty acids, glycerol and triglycerides; and between amino acids and polypeptides. 3.2.6 State three functions of lipids. 3.2.7 Compare the use of carbohydrates and lipids in energy storage. 3.3.1 Outline DNA nucleotide structure in terms of sugar (deoxyribose), base and phosphate. 3.3.2 State the names of the four bases in DNA. 3.3.3 Outline how DNA nucleotides are linked together by covalent bonds into a single strand. 3.3.4 Explain how a DNA double helix is formed using complementary base pairing and hydrogen bonds. 3.3.5 Draw and label a simple diagram of the molecular structure of DNA. http://click4biology.info/c4b/3/chem3.htm
Carbohydrates C n H 2n O n (1:2:1 ratio) Structure Rings Chains α-linkages and β-linkages Isomers (same formula, different arrangement) Glucose (cell energy), Galactose (milk), Fructose (fruit) All are isomers of C 6 H 12 O 6 Mono, Di, and Poly Di Lactose (Glucose + Galactose) Sucrose (Fructose + Glucose) Maltose (Glucose + Glucose) Poly Glycogen (Animal sugar storage chain) α -1,4 Glucose (more branching) Starch (Plant sugar storage chain) α -1,4 Glucose (less branching) Cellulose (Plant cell wall) β-1,4 Glucose
Carbohydrates
Lipids Non-polar Hydrocarbon chains Lots of C s and H s, few O s Three functions Store energy, Cell membranes, Vitamins/Hormones Fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins Hydrophobic Monomer (most): Fatty Acid hydrophilic head (carboxyl end), hydrophobic tail (hydrocarbon) >Saturated means all Carbons have 2 hydrogen atoms bonded to it. >Unsaturated means that some Carbons have double bonds (less H atoms) Three types Triglycerides composed of three molecules of fatty acids and joined to one molecule of glycerol Solid at room temp fats; Liquid at room temp oils Waxes composed of long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain waterproofing (plant leaves) Steroids composed of four carbon rings ex: hormones, nerve tissue, and plant poisons
Lipids
Amino Acids Peptide Bond covalent bond between the amino (NH2) group of one amino acid and the carboxylic group (COOH) of another >Dipeptide two amino acids bonded together >Polypeptide 3+ amino acids bonded together Enzymes proteins that act as catalysts in intermediary metabolism that are essential for functioning of cell Substrate reactant in a chemical reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme
Amino Acids
Protein Structure Primary Individual Amino Acid Spelling Secondary Local geography (H bonds) Alpha helices Beta pleated sheets Tertiary Large geography (protein shape) Hydrophobic regions Disulfide bridges Ionic bonds Quaternary Macrostructure (multiple units to make uber protein)
Nucleic Acids Monomer: Nucleotide Three components Phosphate group 5-carbon Sugar Pentose Ribose Deoxyribose Nitrogenous Base Two Flavors DNA Genetic Information RNA Protein manufacturing
Carbon backbone with one or more additional elements Rings, branched, unbranched, double bonds, triple bonds Monomers Polymers (macromolecules) Hydrolysis Condensation R(x)s Organic molecules
Time to explore how monomers are assembled and disassembled Enroll in class We already did this the first week of school, but you may forget your login or may have transferred/switched classes A2: FNRN6JKZTK B1: ZKWLDCNKSL Play around. There are THREE tabs to explore. Answer the assessment questions (you get one try!) Mini-Lab grade! (5 points) Gizmo!