Reproduction Review YOU ARE EXPECTED TO KNOW THE MEANNG OF ALL THE FOLLOWNG TERMS: CHROMOSOME GENE DNA TRAT HEREDTY NTERPHASE MTOSS CYTOKNESS ASEXUAL BNARY FSSON CELL CYCLE GENETC DVERSTY GAMETE DPLOD HAPLOD HOMOLOGOUS PAR MEOSS HORMONE TESTOSTERONE ESTROGEN PROGESTERONE (ALL MALE PARTS) (ALL FEMALE PARTS) OVULATON MENSTRUAL CYCLE FERTLZATON ZYGOTE EMBRYO FETUS ALLELE DOMNANT RECESSVE GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE HETEROZYGOUS HOMOZYGOUS PUNNETT SQUARE ADAPTATON NATURAL SELECTON MUTATON MUTAGEN CANCER CARCNOGEN ESSENTAL OUTCOMES S1-1-13: How are the terms DNA, chromosome, genes, and trait connected? 1. The chromosomes are made of what material? DNA 2. What shape is this material when unpackaged? DOUBLE HELX 3. Chromosomes code for GENETC information. 4. nheritance of every trait is controlled by a section of the chromosome called a GENE. 5. We get 23 chromosomes from our mother and 23 from our father. 6. HOMOLOGOUS chromosomes, one from mother, one from father, can be paired because they contain versions of the same genes. 7. There are 46 chromosomes in a human, of which ONE pair(s) is/are sex chromosomes. 8. These are called X and Y 9. Females have XX sex chromosomes and males have XY sex chromosomes. S1-1-02: Why do cells divide and how does it work? 10. CELL DVSON: a) Chromosomes duplicate during this part of the cell cycle? NTERPHASE b) Mitosis consists of these phases? PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE c) Another name for mitosis is ASEXUAL reproduction d) How many chromosomes does a normal parent cell have in mitosis? 46 e) Duplicated chromosomes, represented together in diagrams as an X are called SSTER CHROMATDS f) n the first phase of mitosis, PROPHASE what happens to the chromosomes? CONDENSE (VSBLE) g) n metaphase, do chromosomes line up in homologous pairs or as single chromosomes? SNGLE (X)
h) n the last step of mitosis, CYTOKNESS how many chromosomes are present in each cell? 46 i) How many cells are produced by mitosis? 2 j) What is a somatic cell? BODY CELLS k) Describe the final outcome of mitosis? 2-DENTCAL DPLOD DAUGTHER CELLS l) What is the function(s) of mitosis? MAKE DENTCAL CELLS FOR GROWTH AND REPAR S1-1-07: What role do gametes play in reproduction? 11. MEOSS: a) Meiosis is the beginning of a larger process called SEXUAL reproduction b) How many chromosomes does a normal parent cell have in meiosis? 46 c) The two stages of meiosis are the REDUCTON stage and DVSON stage. d) During the first stage of meiosis, what happens to the number of chromosomes? REDUCED N HALF e) n the first stage, do chromosomes line up in homologous pairs or as single chromosomes? PARS (X X) f) After the second stage of meiosis, how many chromosomes are present? 23 g) What is a gamete? THE FNAL CELLS MADE THROUGH MEOSS h) What type of cell is produced by meiosis in males? Females? SPERM AND EGG (OVA) i) Describe the final outcome of meiosis? 4 DFFERENT HAPLOD GAMETES j) What is the function of meiosis? MAKE HAPLOD CELLS TO JON WTH ANOTHER N SEXUAL REPRODUCTON 12. Draw a picture (use interphase, metaphase, cytokinesis) to summarize events of Meiosis and Mitosis: mitosis interphase meiosis X X metaphase X X cytokinesis X X
13. A mosquito has 3 pairs of chromosomes. a) f a body cell from a mosquito divides, what is this type of cell division called? Mitosis b) How many chromosomes will the new body cells have? 3 pairs c) f a mosquito produces sperm cells, what is this type of cell division called? Meiosis d) How many chromosomes will the sperm cells have? 3 e) f sperm from a male mosquito fertilizes an egg from a female mosquito, how many chromosomes will the new zygote have? 3 pairs 14. Complete the table, using as many entries as you can find in your notes or the text: Method Advantages Disadvantages Asexual Don t need a mate No need for parents Young are as well adapted as parent All are identical, so one disease or one change in environment could wipe out all No parent to help young Sexual Parent to help raise young Variety! Young may be better than parent Variety! Less sensitive to disease or changes in environment Need to find a mate Sometimes have to raise young Sometimes never find a mate Huge energy cost to find a mate Young start out weak S1-1-09: What parts make up the male and female sex systems and what is the function of each part? 15. What are the functions of these structures in human females: a) Ovary: Produces eggs and female hormones estrogen and progesterone. b) Uterus: Organ which houses the developing fetus in the inner lining called the endometrium. c) Fallopian tube: Tube that connects the ovary to the uterus, where fertilization happens. d) Vagina: Tube that meets the cervix, path for baby and menstruation.
16. What are the functions of these structures in human males: a) Testis: Produces sperm (spermatogenesis) and male hormones testosterone b) Prostate: Provides fluid and nourishment for the sperm semen (with Cowper s and Seminal vesicle) c) Vas deferens: Tube that connects epididymis to urethra, joins to urethra under the bladder d) Epididymis: Connected above testes, where sperm are stored as they mature. 17. Label this diagram of the human female reproductive system. a) Bladder b) Cervix c) Vagina d) Labia minora e) Labia majora f) Clitoris g) Urethra h) Uterus i) Ovary j) Fallopian tube (oviduct) 18. Label this diagram of the human male reproductive system. a) Scrotum b) Testis c) Epididymus d) Bulbourethral gland e) Prostate gland f) Seminal vesicle g) Bladder h) Vas deferens i) Urethra j) Glans k) Prepuce (foreskin)
19. What are hormones? And which ones are important in reproduction? HORMONES ARE CHEMCAL MESSENGERS SENT FROM ONE PART OF THE BODY TO COMMUNCATE WTH ANOTHER PART. TESTOSTERONE AND ESTROGEN ARE THE MALE/FEMALE SEX HORMONES THAT ARE RELEASED BY THE GONADS AT PUBERTY WHCH START THE PROCESS OF SPERMATOGENESS N MALES, AND THE MENTRUAL CYCLE N FEMALES THE ARE ALSO RESPONSBLE FOR ALL SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERSTCS. ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE ARE ALSO NVOLVED N THE MANTANANCE OF THE ENDOMETRUAL LNNG OF THE UTERUS DURNG THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE. EXTENTON OUTCOMES S1-1-10: How does a fertilized egg turn into a baby and what determines the gender? 20. How is ovulation and menstruation controlled by hormones? OVULATON S CONTROLLED BY HOROMES RELEASED BY THE BRAN. OVULATON OCCURS N THE MDDLE OF THE MENTRUAL CYCLE. F THE EGG S NOT FERTLZED, ALL BRAN HORMONES AND FEMALE SEX HORMONES (ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE) DECREASE WHCH CAUSES THE ENDOMETRUM TO BREAK APART AND BE SHED (PEROD). 21. Define these terms: a) Zygote Fertilized egg b) Fetus Unborn infant in the later stages of development after week 9 (has bone) c) Embryo zygote that has implanted into the endometrium upto week 8 d) Fertilization the meeting of sperm and egg (gametes) in the oviduct in humans S1-1-12: How are the features of the parents inherited to create unique offspring? 22. Explain the difference between heterozygous and homozygous (using the word allele): Homozygous means the individual has two identical alleles for a specific gene trait as their genotype; An individual can be homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive. Heterozygous means the individual has two different alleles for a specific gene trait as their genotype. One dominant and one recessive allele.
23. There are many versions of each gene, these are called ALLELES. One is the DOMNANT allele and the other is the RECESSVE allele. 24. This means that the person will show the DOMNANT trait, even if they have both types of alleles. 25. The word PHENOTYPE describes how a person looks as a result of the genes they carry. 26. There are thousands and thousands of genes. Some of these are located on the sex chromosomes. These are called SEX-LNKED genes. 27. The traits for these genes are seldom expressed in FEMALES because they have TWO X allele(s), but are usually seen in MALES because they only have ONE X allele(s). 28. Create a Punnett square for the mating of a female with heterozygous genes for narrow nose and a male with a wide nose. (Narrow is dominant.) N n n Nn nn n Nn nn a) What are the phenotypes for the offspring in the above Punnett square? 50% narrow 50% wide b) What is the ratio of the genotypes? 50% Nn 50% nn 29. Jim and Cathy have detached earlobes, but two of their five kids have attached earlobes. Detached earlobes are dominant over attached. a) s it possible that he is the father of the children? Yes b) Prove your answer by showing the possible genotypes of Jim and Cathy. Both are Ee (heterozygous) c) What are the odds that they would have a child with attached earlobes? (Hint: you can use a Punnett square.) 25% E e E EE Ee e Ee ee
30. Dark hair is dominant over light hair colour. A person who is homozygous for dark hair marries a lighthaired person. What are the odds of the children having light hair? Prove your answer with a Punnett square. 0% D D d Dd Dd d Dd Dd S1-1-08: What are some ways plants and animals improve their chances to reproduce? 31. Describe how sexual reproduction leads to natural selection and the formation of adaptations. (Be sure to explain each term in your answer). Sexual reproduction is the joining of two gametes to produce a unique offspring. Because each offspring is different, some may have a trait that gives them a survival advantage (lighter colour, bigger teeth etc.). Natural Selection is when this advantage gives the offspring a better chance of surviving their environment. A genetic advantage or trait that allows an organism to survive is called an adaptation. Positive adaptations lead to survival which leads to sexual reproduction which passes that trait to the next generation to be improved on. S1-1-15: How can lifestyle choices affect your genetics and development? 32. Explain the difference between the terms carcinogen and a mutagen? Provide an example of each. A mutagen is any environmental factor that can cause a mutation pesticides. A carcinogen is a specific type of mutagen that causes cancer - smoking. 33. What is cancer? A mutation in the cell division genes, which when altered causes uncontrolled cell growth and division resulting in a tumour.
EXPLORATON OUTCOMES S1-1-14: What is a pedigree and how is it used to track the inheritance of a trait? 34. This pedigree tracks the heredity of a recessive (n) autosomal trait Nasty Toe. Number the individuals, and make a KEY that shows the sex of each individual (M/F) and your prediction of the genotype for each individual. 1 2 7 8 9 Fig 1: Pedigree of Nasty Toe heredity in Family X 1. M - nn 2. F - Nn 3. F - Nn 4. M - Nn 5. F - Nn 6. M - Nn 7. M N? 8. M N? 9. M - nn S1-1-03: What are some specific types of asexual reproduction that occur in plant and animals species? 35. llustrate (draw) three methods of asexual reproduction used in animals or plants. Binary fission Budding Fragmentation Spore formation Vegetative propagation