Competitiveness of textile and clothing industry Results of the survey Tallinn, 26 May 2005 This document has been produced with the financial support of the European Community s BSP2 programme. The views expressed herein are those of CAST and can therefore in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Commission 1
Konkurentsivõime tööstusharu tasandil Kõige enam on rõhutatud aspekte, kus tööstusharu konkurentsivõime on võime pikaajaliselt välisturgudel turuosasid võita ja säilitada ning selle saavutamine eeldab püsiva konkurentsieelise või suhtelise eelise omamist konkurentide ees.
Konkurentsivõime mõõtmine tööstusharu tasandil ilmutatud suhtelise eelise indeks Dluhosch' i RCA = ln EX i / / IM EX IM i kus EX i - tööstusharu i eksport, IM i - tööstusharu i import, EX - riigi kogueksport, IM - riigi koguimport.
Konkurentsivõime mõõtmine tööstusharu tasandil ilmutatud konkurentsivõime indeks RC = ln(rca) ln (RMP) M ij RMP ij = M i M M kus M ij - toote j impordi maksumus riigis i, wj w M i - koguimpordi maksumus riigis i, M wj - toote j impordi maksumus maailmas M w - koguimpordi maksumus maailmas
Rõiva- ja tekstiilitööstuse ilmutatud suhtelise eelise (RCA) indeksid 1995 ja 2003 RCA indeks rõivatööstuses RCA indeks tekstiilitööstuses 1995 2003 1995 2003 Tšehhi 0,27 0,17 0,51 0,06 Eesti 0,73 0,66-0,09-0,17 Ungari 1,19 0,66-0,94-0,7 Läti 0,23 0,66 0,98-0,64 Leedu 0,63 1,18 0,14-0,26 Poola 2,21 0,79-1,2-0,74 Rumeenia 2,33 0,84-1,39-1,56 Venemaa 2,76 1,01 3,19 2,65 Slovakkia 1,13 0,12 0,6-0,54 Sloveenia 1,05 0,05 0,09 0,08 Hiina 3,09 1,12 0,12 0,59 India 6,72 1,9 2,72 2,04 Itaalia 1,94 1,06 0,11 0,33 Hispaania -0,68-0,34-0,48-0,19 Saksamaa -0,46-0,64 0,02 0,09 Prantsusmaa 0,09-0,46-0,26-0,01 UK -0,07-0,99-0,44-0,43
Rõiva ja tekstiilitööstuse ilmutatud konkurentsivõime (RC) indeksid 1995 ja 2003 RC indeks rõivatööstuses RC indeks tekstiilitööstuses 1995 2003 1995 2003 Tsehhi 0,85 1,09 0,37 0,03 Eesti 0,56 0,87-0,76-0,57 Ungari 1,48 1,24-1,52-0,48 Läti -0,59 0,23 0,92-0,92 Leedu 0,41 1,29-0,34-0,77 Poola 3,29 1,71-2,05-1,11 Rumeenia 3,00 1,09-2,43-2,91 Venemaa 3,87 0,54 4,27 2,84 Slovakkia 2,33 1,01 0,89-0,71 Sloveenia 1,21 0,13 0,00 0,19 Hiina 4,56 3,42-0,83 0,50 India 12,24 6,51 3,99 2,77
Keskmine brutokuupalk 1997-2003 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 Tekstiilitööstus Rõivatööstus Töötlev tööstus Eesti keskmine 1000 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Tööstusharude järjestus tootlikkuse alusel rõivatööstus pagaritööstus raadio, tele, side tekstiilitööstus mööblitööstus kalatööstus masinaehitus metallitööstus TÖÖTLEV TÖÖSTUS puidutööstus transpordivahendite elektrimasinad, aparaadid ehitusmaterjalid lihatööstus paberitööstus keemmiatööstus joogitööstus piimatööstus 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Töötaja tootlikkus ning osakaal tööstuses hõivatutest Eestis 2002 Käive töötaja kohta (tuh kr) Osakaal tööstuses hõivatutest (%) 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 ehitusmaterjalit elektrimasinate transpordivahendite masinaehitus raadio, tele, side 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Eksport töötaja kohta Eesti rõiva- ja tekstiilitööstuse era- ja väliskapitaliga ettevõtetes 1996-2000 (tuh EEK) Tekstiili Eesti erakapitaliga e/v Rõivas Eesti erakapitaliga e/v Tekstiil väliskapitaliga e/v Rõivas väliskapitaliga e/v 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Palk vs tootlikkus Eesti rõiva- ja tekstiilitööstuses (käive töötaja kohta, tuh. kr) 1997-2003 palk tekstiilitööstuses tootlikkus tekstiilitööstuses palk rõivatööstuses toolikkus rõivatööstuses 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0
Palgatõus (%) vs tootlikkuse tõus (%) Eesti rõiva- ja tekstiilitööstuses 1998-2003 palgatõus tekstiil palga tõus, rõivas tootlikkuse tõus, tekstiil tootlikkuse tõus, rõivas 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
RTT SWOT analüüs: Tugevused Toodangu hea hinna-kvaliteedi suhe Ärikultuuri kõrge kvaliteet Paindlikkus kiirus, väikepartiid Kõrgetasemeline tootmistehnoloogia Töösuhted Euroopa tootjatega Kogemused Ukraina ja Vene turul opereerimiseks
RTT SWOT analüüs: Nõrkused Tootlikkus (käive töötaja kohta) Brändide vähene tuntus Euroopas Pikaajalise strateegilise arengukava puudumine Kvalifitseeritud tööjõu puudus Vähene turundus- ja kaubandustegevus Piiratud kapitaliressursid Liigne kontsentreeritus mõnele kliendile
RTT SWOT analüüs: võimalused EL turulähedus logistiline täisteenus Sõltuvus ühisturuvälistest turgudest väheneb Panustada teadmistemahukamale toodangule Venemaaga kaubavahetuse aktiviseerimine
RTT SWOT analüüs: ohud Konkurents tugevneb (ATC leping lõppes) Surve palkade tõusuks Tööstuse ümberpaiknemine odavamate tööjõukuludega riiikidesse (bürokraatlike) üldkulude kasv
Eesti ja Euroopa Liidu rõiva- ja tekstiilitööstuse toodanguindeksid (2000.a. = 100) 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Eesti rõivas Eesti tekstiil EL rõivas EL tekstiil
Kokkuvõte Sisemajanduslikult on Eesti RTT konkurentsivõime madal Välismajanduslikult on Eesti RTT olnud siiani hea
Present situation of Estonian clothing and textile industry (2) Number of employees 2004/2000: textile industry +23% clothing industry -7% Number of employees 2004/2003: textile industry -4% clothing industry -3% Number of companies 2004/2003 textile industry -3% clothing industry -4%
Present situation of Estonian clothing and textile industry (1) Production of textile industry in 2004 increased by 39% as compared with production of year 2000; production index 2004/2003 was +1,6% Production of clothing industry in 2004 increased by 1% as compared with production of year 2000; production index 2004/2003 was -0,4% During the first quarter of 2005, volume index of industrial production in manufacturing of textiles was -4,1% as compared corresponding quarter of previous year. Industrial production of clothing decreased by 14%.
Present situation of Estonian clothing and textile industry (3) Exports 2004/2000: textiles +8% clothing +10% Exports 2004/2003: textiles -4% clothing -1% Exports january-february 2004/january-february 2005: textiles -4% clothing -19%
Summary of questionnaires Number of textile and clothing companies in Estonia 2003: 575 The questionnaire was addressed to 120 companies 40 companies of them fulfilled the questionnaire
Profile of surveyed companies Sector textile 20% clothing 78% Products yarn/fabric 2% apparel 70% knitwear 10% home textiles 8%
Products sold Origin of products: own products 40% outsourced/imported products 60%
Size of companies by turnover < 5 Mio euro 70% 5-20 Mio euro 18% 20-50 Mio euro 10% > 50 Mio euro 2%
Number of employees 10-50 45% > 250 25% 50-250 20% < 10 10%
Markets EU-15 82% Domestic 15% New member states - Rest of the world 2%
General awareness of competitiveness (1) 48% of surveyed companies have increased quantities sold 40% of surveyed companies are stable 12% of surveyed companies have decreased quantities sold
General awareness of competitiveness (2) 52% of surveyed companies have increased values sold 40% of surveyed companies are stable 8% of surveyed companies have decreased values sold 50% of surveyed companies think that minor changes are needed to cope with competition 45% of surveyed companies think that major changes are needed 5% of surveyed companies think that the current strenghts of company are sufficient to cope with competition
General awareness of competitiveness (3) 52% of surveyed companies are confident to be able to maintain their position in the next two years 28% of companies think that their position will be stronger 20% of companies think that their position will be weaker
General awareness of competitiveness (4) Competitors: China 30% New member states 26% Domestic 23% EU-15 10% Other 7% South-Mediterranean 4%
Affecting by Chinese competition 52% of companies surveyed have been directly affected by Chinese competition 48% of companies do not have direct consequences of the resent increase in Chinese competition Consequences were: decrease of own prices 27% reduction of sales 27% loss of clients 24% reduction of quantities and decrease of price 17%
Negative impact of Chinese competition on company business For 57% of surveyed companies negative impact for business was significant For 43% of companies negative impact was minor No companies with very remarkable negative impact
Segments of companies clients most suffered Chinese competition EU- 25 traders 52% Domestic traders 24% EU-25 manufacturers 16%
Chinese competition Products most affected: Middle range 48% Lower range 43% Upper range 10% Strongest competitive factors of the Chinese exporters: Price 67% Price/quality ratio 15% Scope of product range 6% Customisation and flexibility 4%
Unfair practices of Chinese competitors 36% of surveyed companies think that all Chinese competitors use unfair practices 33% companies think that they use unfair practices often 31% companies think that they use unfair practices only sometimes 0% of companies surveyed has direct evidence of unfair practices 21% of companies - only clues 33% of companies rumours of the market 46% - no direct evidence
Kinds of unfair practices adopted by Chinese Counterfeited products 43% Dumping 34% Unregistered imports/smuggling 15% False custom declaration 4% Other 4%
Strongest allies of Chinese products Traders (importers/wholesalers) 30% Local manufacturers who outsource production in China 24% Large retailers in Estonia 20% Estonian consumers 12% International brands present in Estonia 11%
Weak points of Chinese manufacturers Quality 51% Delivery/services 38% Product design 9%
Competitive advantage of Chinese producers (1) In the price: large 86% significant 8% minor 6% In the price/quality ratio: significant 51% minor 31% large 14%
Competitive advantage of Chinese producers (2) In the customisation: minor 47% significant 25% no advantage 25% In the product range: significant 41% minor 34% large 12% no advantage 12%
Chinese presence in European markets in next years Will increase 95% Remain as today 5%
Factors may be effective to counter Chinese competition Quality 27% Service/delivery 20% Productivity increase, cost reduction 18% Fashion/Design 17% Brand/communication 13% No factors effective 5%
Levers that should be supported to enhance competitiveness of EU manufacturers Support innovation 34% Lower taxes, lower social costs 30% Support human resource development 24% Support finance 11%
Existence of strategy to deal with the new competition 53% of companies surveyed have been thinking about such strategy 28% of companies do not have this strategy 19% of companies have already developed a competitive strategy
Weights of actions envisaged in a new competitive strategy (in order of importance) Improvement of customer satisfaction through customisation Quality improvement Improvement in design and fashion Investments in image, brand and communication Price reduction through outsourcing of some production Improvement of services Price reduction through cost reduction and increased productivity
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