Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Abuse sleep physiology effects of, 880 882 substance, in adolescents, sleep problems and, 929 946. See also Substance use and abuse, in adolescents, sleep problems and. Actigraphy in insomnias assessment, 985 in sleep assessment, 800, 899 in sleep-related depressive problems assessment, 899 ADHD. See Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Advanced sleep phase disorder, 843 AEDs. See Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Age, as factor in sleep disorders in children and adolescents with ADHD, 865 866 Aggressive behaviors, SDB and, 817 Alcohol use and abuse, in adolescents, sleep problems and, 931 932 Alpha agonists, in insomnias management, 1005 1006 Anabolic steroids, in adolescents, sleep problems and, 940 Analgesic(s), opioid, in adolescents, sleep problems and, 935 Anti Kickback statute, 1022 1023 Antidepressants, in insomnias management, 1010 Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), in insomnias management, 1010 1011 Antihistamines, in insomnias management, 1008 1009 Antipsychotics, in insomnias management, 1010 1011 Anxiety, sleep problems due to, 882 883 treatment implications, 885 887 Arousal(s) confusional, 951 disorders of, 949 951 ASDs. See Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Attachment, insomnias of childhood and adolescence related to, 983 Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) characteristics of, 863 comorbid primary sleep disorders with, 867 869 described, 863 prevalence of, 863 psychiatric disorders and, sleep in children with, 869 sleep characteristics of children and adolescents with, 863 876 described, 867 869 nocturnal activity, 865 prevalence of, 863 864 restless legs syndrome, 868 SDB, 817, 868 869 Child Adolesc Psychiatric Clin N Am 18 (2009) 1029 1041 doi:10.1016/s1056-4993(09)00076-5 childpsych.theclinics.com 1056-4993/09/$ see front matter ª 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1030 Attention-deficit (continued) sleep architecture, 864 865 sleep disorders factors affecting, 865 866 source of, hypotheses on, 866 867 sleep disturbances, 865 sleep patterns, 865 subtypes of, 865 treatment of, medications in, sleep alterations associated with, 869 870 Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) described, 917 neurobiology of, sleep and, 918 sleep patterns in, 917 928 sleep problems associated with, 917 928 assessment of, 921 922 daytime behavior effects of, 921 insomnias, 918 920 treatment of, 922 924 prevalence of, 917 918 PSG findings, 921 treatment of, 922 924 types of, 918 921 B BEARS, in screening and evaluation of sleep disorders, 828 Bed time, advancing, in mood-related sleep problems management, 909 Bedtime behavior and practices, influence on sleep development, 851 853 Bedtime routines, positive, in insomnias management, 987 989 Behavior(s) aggressive, SDB and, 817 bedtime, influence on sleep development, 851 853 daytime, ASD related sleep disorders effects on, 921 sleep-related, insomnias of childhood and adolescence related to, 984 985 Behavioral insomnia of childhood, 840 Behavioral model, of sleep disorders in children and adolescents with ADHD, 866 Behavioral therapy cognitive, in insomnias management, 991 in ASD related sleep disorders management, 922 in mood-related sleep problems management, 908 Behaviorally induced insufficient sleep syndrome, 842 Benzodiazepine(s), in insomnias management, 1009 Benzodiazepine receptor agonists, in insomnias management, 1009 1010 Bipolar disorder related sleep problems, in children and adolescents, 901 904. See also Early-onset bipolar spectrum disorders (EBSD). Breathing, sleep-disordered. See Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Breathing disorders, sleep-related, 841 Bruxism, 955 957 C Caffeine, in adolescents, sleep problems and, 934 Cataplexy
1031 narcolepsy with, 842 narcolepsy without, 842 CDC. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), on ADHD, 863 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid, 1023 Child Find, 826, 827 Childhood insomnias, 979 1000. See also Insomnia(s), of childhood and adolescence. Children s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), in screening and evaluation of sleep disorders, 829 830 described, 829 830 limitations of, 830 strengths of, 830 Circadian factors, insomnias of childhood and adolescence related to, 983 984 Circadian model, of sleep disorders in children and adolescents with ADHD, 866 Circadian rhythm sleep disorders, 842 843 free-running type, 843 Civil liability, for health care providers, 1018 1021 Claim, process steps of, 1019 Clinical innovation defense, theory of, 1020 Clinical interview, in screening and evaluation of sleep disorders, 833 835 Cocaine, in adolescents, sleep problems and, 939 Cognitive behavior therapy, in insomnias management, 991 Cognitive dysfunction, SDB and, 817 818 Cognitive reframing, in mood-related sleep problems management, 908 Conduct disorder, SDB and, 817 Confusional arousals, 951 Consent for minors, medicolegal issues related to, 1022 Contributory fault of patient, theory of, 1020 1021 Cosleeping, insomnias of childhood and adolescence related to, 984 985 CSHQ. See Children s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ). Culture as factor in normal sleep, 814 influence on sleep development, 849 861. See also Sleep development, family and cultural influences on. D Daytime behavior, ASD related sleep disorders effects on, 921 Daytime functioning in insomnias of childhood and adolescence evaluation, 985 sleep problems effect on, 826 827 Daytime sleepiness in adolescents, predisposing factors for, 968 969 in children, 967 977. See also Hypersomnia(s). described, 967 prevalence of, 967 968 DC 0 3R. See Diagnostic Classification, Zero to Three (DC 0 3R). Delayed sleep phase disorder, 842 843 Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS), 815 816 hypersomnia and, clinical features of, 973 Depression, sleep disturbances and, relationship between, 974
1032 Depression-related sleep problems, 893 899 actigraphy of, 899 described, 893 896 PSG studies of, 897 898 reports of, subjective and objective, reasons for, 899 901 research on objective reports, 897 899 research on subjective reports of, 893 896 spectral EEG of, 898 899 symptoms, 894 895 treatment of, pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic, research on, 900 901 types of, 893 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition (DS miv) on parasomnias, 947 on sleep disorders, depressive symptoms and, 896 4th edition, Text Revision (DS miv TR), on sleep disorders, 839 Diagnostic Classification, Zero to Three (DC 0 3R), on sleep disorders, 839 840 Diary(ies), in insomnias of childhood and adolescence evaluation, 985 986 Drug(s) for ADHD, sleep alterations associated with, 869 870 for depression-related sleep problems, research on, 900 901 in insomnias management, 1001 1006. See also specific agents and Insomnia(s), of childhood and adolescence, treatment of, pharmacologic. prescription, adolescents use of, sleep problems and, 934 938 DSM-IV-TR. See Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). DSPS. See Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS). E Early-onset bipolar spectrum disorders (EBSD), 901 904 sleep and objective reports of, research on, 903 subjective reports of, research on, 901 903 treatment of, pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic, research on, 903 904 EBSD. See Early-onset bipolar spectrum disorders (EBSD). EDS. See Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). EEG. See Electroencephalography (EEG). Electroencephalography (EEG), spectral, of sleep and depressive problems, 898 899 Enuresis, 957 959 Environmental factors, insomnias of childhood and adolescence related to, 983 984 Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), OSAS and, 828 Extinction techniques, graduated, in insomnias management, 989 990 F False Claims Act, 1022 1023 Family(ies), influence on sleep development, 849 861. See also Sleep development, family and cultural influences on. Family bonds sleep in context of, 883 885 traumatic experiences in context of, 883 885 Fraud, health care, quality of care violations and, legal issues related to, 1022 1024
1033 G Genetic model, of sleep disorders in children and adolescents with ADHD, 866 867 Good Samaritan Act, theory of, 1020 Graduated extinction techniques, in insomnias management, 989 990 H Health care fraud, quality of care violations and, legal issues related to, 1022 1024 Health care providers, civil liability for, 1018 1021 Herbal supplements, for insomnias of childhood and adolescence, 1011 Hygiene, sleep. See Sleep hygiene. Hypersomnia(s) disorders commonly associated with, clinical features of, 969 973 DSPS, 973 idiopathic hypersomnia, 972 inadequate sleep hygiene, 969 970 Kleine Levin syndrome, 972 narcolepsy, 970 971 OAHS, 972 973 periodic hypersomnia, 972 idiopathic clinical features of, 972 with long sleep time, 842 management of, 974 975 of central origin, 841 842 periodic, clinical features of, 972 with psychiatric disorders, 967 977 I ICD 10 CM. See International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition, Clinical Modification (ICD 10 CM). ICSD 2. See International Classification for Sleep Disorders, 2nd. edition (ICSD 2). Idiopathic hypersomnia hypersomnia and, clinical features of, 972 with long sleep time, 842 Idiopathic insomnia, 840 841 Infant(s), sleep in, 800 802 Inhalant(s), in adolescents, sleep problems and, 940 Insomnia(s), of childhood and adolescence, 979 1000 ASDs and, 918 920 treatment of, 922 924 assessment of, 985 986 attachment and, 983 behavioral insomnias, 840 circadian factors and, 983 984 consequences of, 1001 cosleeping and, 984 985 defined, 1001 described, 840, 979
1034 Insomnia (continued) environmental factors and, 983 984 idiopathic insomnia, 840 841 medical problems and, 982 origins of, 981 985 parental presence at bedtime and, 984 985 personality and, 983 precipitating events, 982 983 prevalence of, 981 psychopathology and, 983 sleep schedule and routine and, 985 sleep-related behaviors and, 984 985 temperament and, 983 treatment of, 986 992 cognitive behavior therapy in, 991 considerations in, 1005 described, 986 987, 1001 1002 general principles in, 1002 1003 graduated extinction techniques in, 989 990 herbal supplements in, 1011 pharmacologic, 1001 1006 AEDs, 1010 1011 alpha agonists, 1005 1006 antidepressants, 1010 antihistamines, 1008 1009 antipsychotics, 1010 1011 benzodiazepine(s), 1009 benzodiazepine receptor agonists, 1009 1010 consensus guidelines for, 1003 1004 melatonin, 1006 1008 safety considerations in, 1004 positive daily and bedtime routines in, 987 989 relaxation in, 991 sleep education in, 987 sleep hygiene in, 987 989 sleep restriction in, 991 sleep scheduling in, 989 stimulus control in, 990 991 International Classification for Sleep Disorders, 2nd. edition (ICSD 2), 839 International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition, Clinical Modification (ICD 10 CM), on sleep disorders, 839 Interview(s), clinical, in screening and evaluation of sleep disorders, 833 835 J Jet lag disorder, 843 Johnson v. Kokemoor, 1024 K Kleine-Levin syndrome, 842 hypersomnia and, clinical features of, 972
1035 L Liability(ies), for health care providers, civil-related, 1018 1021 Long sleep time, idiopathic hypersomnia with, 842 M Major depressive disorder, sleep disturbances and, relationship between, 974 Marijuana, in adolescents, sleep problems and, 938 Mayo Clinic, 1024 Medicare and Medicaid Anti Fraud statute, 1022 1023 Medicolegal issues, in pediatric sleep medicine, 1017 1025. See also Pediatric sleep medicine, medicolegal issues in. Melatonin, in insomnias management, 1006 1008 Methamphetamine, in adolescents, sleep problems and, 939 3,3-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, in adolescents, sleep problems and, 939 Middle childhood, sleep in, 803 806 Minor(s), consent for, medicolegal issues related to, 1022 Mood-related sleep problems, 893 916 assessment of, 904 905 depression-related, 893 899. See also Depression-related sleep problems. treatment of, 905 909 advancing bed and wake time in, 909 behavioral therapy in, 908 cognitive reframing in, 908 nonpharmacologic, 907 909 pharmacologic, 905 907 relaxation therapy in, 908 sleep hygiene in, 907 908 sleep restriction in, 908 909 stimulus control in, 908 Movement disorders, 947 965 bruxism, 955 957 periodic limb movement disorder, 953 955 restless less syndrome, 953 955 sleep-related, 843 844, 953 957 types of, 953 957 Multiple defendants, theory of, 1021 N Narcolepsy, 819, 841 hypersomnia and, clinical features of, 970 971 with cataplexy, 842 without cataplexy, 842 National Sleep Foundation, Sleep in America Poll of, 813 Neurocognition, sleep disruption effects on, 813 823. See also Sleep disruption, neurocognitive effects of. Nightmares, 959 961 sleep disturbance due to, 879 880 Nocturnal activity, ADHD and, 865 Nosology, 979 981
1036 O OAHS. See Obstructive apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OAHS). Obstructive apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OAHS), hypersomnia and, clinical features of, 972 973 Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), 841 EDS and, 828 Opioid analgesics, in adolescents, sleep problems and, 935 OSAS. See Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Overnight sleep study, in screening and evaluation of sleep disorders, 835 836 Over-the-counter medications, in adolescents, sleep problems and, 937 938 P Parasomnia(s), 844, 947 965 as psychologic and physiologic phenomena, 947 949 causes of, 952 953 defined, 947 diagnosis of, 949 during specific sleep stages, 948 enuresis, 957 959 rapid eye movement sleep, 959 962 sleeptalking, 959 treatment of, 949 triggers of, 948 Parental factors, in sleep development, 849 861. See also Sleep development, family and cultural influences on. Pediatric sleep medicine, medicolegal issues in, 1017 1025 civil liability for health care providers, 1018 1021 clinical innovation defense, theory of, 1020 consent for minors, 1022 contributory fault of patient, theory of, 1020 1021 Good Samaritan Act, theory of, 1020 health care fraud as result of quality of care violations, 1022 1024 minimizing legal risks, 1021 multiple defendants, theory of, 1021 overview of, 1018 practice guidelines as affirmative defense, 1020 underdiagnosis or misdiagnosis of sleep problems, 1021 1022 Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ), in screening and evaluation of sleep disorders, 831 Periodic hypersomnia, clinical features of, 972 Periodic limb movement(s), sleep disruption and, 818 Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), 843 844, 953 955 Persistent primary snoring, 841 Personality, insomnias of childhood and adolescence related to, 983 PLMD. See Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD). Polysomnography (PSG) laboratory-based, in sleep assessment, 799 800 of ASD related sleep disorders, 921 of sleep problems and depressive disorders, 897 898 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
1037 in young children, criteria for, 878 sleep disturbance due to, 877 891 described, 877 879 treatment implications, 885 887 sleep physiology effects of, 880 882 PSG. See Polysomnography (PSG). PSQ. See Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ). Psychiatric disorders ADHD and, sleep in children with, 869 hypersomnia with, 967 977. See also Hypersomnia(s). sleep disturbances and, 844 845 Psychopathology, insomnias of childhood and adolescence related to, 983 PTSD. See Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Q Quality of care, violations of, health care fraud resulting from, legal issues related to, 1022 1024 R Rapid eye movement behavior disorder, 961 962 Rapid eye movement sleep parasomnias, 959 962 nightmares, 959 961 rapid eye movement behavior disorder, 961 962 Referral process, in screening and evaluation of sleep disorders, 833 Relaxation, in insomnias management, 991 Relaxation therapy, in mood related sleep problems management, 908 Restless legs syndrome, 843, 953 955 ADHD and, 868 sleep disruption and, 818 S School(s), sleep screening results in, 826 827 SDB. See Sleep disordered breathing (SDB). SDIS. See Sleep Disorders Inventory for Students (SDIS). SDIS C. See Sleep Disorders Inventory for Students Children s Form (SDIS C). Sedative(s), in adolescents, sleep problems and, 937 Sleep ADHD effects on, 863 876. See also Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), sleep characteristics of children and adolescents with. psychiatric comorbidities and, 869 ADHD medications effects on, 869 870 assessment of, 799 800 actigraphy in, 800, 899, 985 laboratory based PSG in, 799 800, 897 898, 921 defined, 799 described, 849 EBSD and objective reports of, research on, 903 subjective reports of, research on, 901 903 treatment of, pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic, research on, 903 904
1038 Sleep (continued) fragmentation of, 813 814 symptoms of, 813 814 in adolescents, 806 808 in context of family bonds, 883 885 in infants, 800 802 in middle childhood, 803 806 in toddlers, 802 insufficient, described, 814 815 neurobiology of ASDs and, 918 normal, 799 811 cultural effects on, 814 described, 814 physiology of abuse and, 880 882 PTSD and, 880 882 substance use and abuse in adolescents effects on, 929 946 Sleep architecture, ADHD effects on, 864 865 Sleep development, family and cultural influences on, 849 861 bedtime behavior and practices, 851 853 described, 849 850 setting and sleeping arrangement, 853 855 sleep patterns, 855 857 Sleep disorders. See also Sleep disruptions; Sleep problems. ADHD and factors affecting, 865 866 prevalence of, 863 864 ASDs and, 917 928. See also Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), sleep problems associated with. circadian rhyth mrelated, 842 843 classification of, 839 840 classification systems for, 839 daytime functioning effects of, 826 827 DSM-IV on, depressive symptoms and, 896 DSM-IV TR on, 839 epidemiology of, 840 844 circadian rhythm sleep disorders, 842 843 hypersomnias of central origin, 841 842 insomnias, 840 841 parasomnias, 844 sleep-related breathing disorders, 841 sleep-related movement disorders, 843 844 medicolegal issues related to, 1017 1025. See also Pediatric sleep medicine, medicolegal issues in. psychiatric disorders and, 844 845 screening and evaluation of, 825 838 BEARS in, 828 clinical interview in, 833 835 CSHQ in, 829 830 in schools, 826 827 overnight sleep study in, 835 836
phase I screening in, 827 829 phase II screening, 829 833 PSQ in, 831 referral process in, 833 SDIS in, 832 833 TISS in, 828 829 Sleep Disorders Inventory for Students (SDIS), in screening and evaluation of sleep disorders, 832 833 Sleep Disorders Inventory for Students Children s Form (SDIS-C), 826 Sleep disruptions. See also Sleep disorders; Sleep problems. ADHD and, 865 anxiety and, 882 883 depressive symptoms and, 894 895 major depressive disorder and, relationship between, 974 neurocognitive effects of, 813 823. See also Sleep. narcolepsy, 819 periodic limb movements, 818 restless legs syndrome, 818 SDB, 816 818 similarity among, 819 820 symptoms of, 813 814 nightmares and, 879 880 prevalence of, 813, 893 PTSD and, 877 891. See also Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), sleep disturbance due to. trauma and, 879 treatment of, 819 Sleep disturbances. See Sleep disruptions. Sleep education, in insomnias management, 987 Sleep hygiene in ASD related sleep disorders management, 922 in insomnias management, 987 989 in mood related sleep problems management, 907 908 inadequate, hypersomnia and, clinical features of, 969 970 poor, 814 815 Sleep in America Poll, of National Sleep Foundation, 813 Sleep logs, in insomnias evaluation, 985 986 Sleep patterns ADHD and, 865 in ASDs, 917 928 influence on sleep development, 855 857 Sleep problems. See also Sleep disorders; Sleep disruptions. bipolar disorder related, 901 904. See also Early-onset bipolar spectrum disorders (EBSD). depression related, 893 899 mood related, 893 916. See also Mood-related sleep problems. substance use and abuse in adolescents and. See also Substance use and abuse, in adolescents. suicide and, 896 underdiagnosis or misdiagnosis of, medicolegal issues related to, 1021 1022 Sleep questionnaires, in insomnias evaluation, 985 1039
1040 Sleep restriction in insomnias management, 991 in mood-related sleep problems management, 908 909 Sleep schedule (routine) in insomnias management, 989 insomnias of childhood and adolescence related to, 985 Sleep setting, influence on sleep development, 853 855 Sleep terrors, 951 Sleepdisordered breathing (SDB), 816 818 ADHD and, 817, 868 869 aggressive behaviors and, 817 cognitive dysfunction and, 817 818 conduct disorder and, 817 Sleepiness, daytime, 967 977. See also Daytime sleepiness; Hypersomnia(s). Sleeping arrangement, influence on sleep development, 853 855 Sleep-related behaviors, insomnias of childhood and adolescence related to, 984 985 Sleep-related breathing disorders, 841 Sleep-related movement disorders, 843 844 Sleeptalking, 959 Sleepwalking, 949, 951 Smoking, tobacco, in adolescents, sleep problems and, 932 933 Snoring, persistent primary, 841 Spectral, EEG, of sleep and depressive problems, 898 899 Steroid(s), anabolic, in adolescents, sleep problems and, 940 Stimulant(s), prescription, in adolescents, sleep problems and, 935 937 Stimulus control in insomnias management, 990 991 in mood-related sleep problems management, 908 Substance abuse, in adolescents, sleep problems and, 929 946. See also Substance use and abuse, in adolescents, sleep problems and. Substance use and abuse, in adolescents, sleep problems and, 929 946 alcohol, 931 932 caffeine, 934 described, 929 931 illicit drugs, 938 940 prescription medications, 934 938 prevalence of, 929 931 recommendations for, 940 941 smoking, 932 933 Suicide, sleep problems and, 896 Supreme Court of Wisconsin, 1024 T Temperament, insomnias of childhood and adolescence related to, 983 Ten Item Sleep Screener (TISS), in screening and evaluation of sleep disorders, 828 829 Terror(s), sleep, 951 TISS. See Ten Item Sleep Screener (TISS). Tobacco smoking, in adolescents, sleep problems and, 932 933 Toddler(s), sleep in, 802 Tranquilizer(s), in adolescents, sleep problems and, 937
1041 Trauma in context of family bonds, 883 885 sleep disturbance due to, 879 treatment implications, 885 887 U United States ex rel. Aranda v. Cmty. Psychiatric Ctrs. of Oklahoma, 1023 United States ex rel. Mikes v. Strauss, 1023 United States v. NHC Health Care Corp., 1023 Upper airway resistance syndrome, 841 W Wake time, advancing, in mood-related sleep problems management, 909 Well Child Checks, 827