BIOLOGY 30S: Digestion and Nutrition Mega-Review 1. What is the primary purpose of the process called cellular respiration? 2. What is the powerhouse of the cell? 3. What is often described as the currency of the cell because the molecules provide ready energy to do work? 4. What is the starting organic material for the process known as cellular respiration? 5. Where in the chloroplast do the two stages (light dependent and light independent or dark reactions) of photosynthesis take place? 6. Define: a) Mechanical digestion b) Chemical digestion c) Absorption d) elimination 7. Complete the table of Major Food Components and Their Breakdown Products for Absorption Component of Food Carbohydrates Where digestion begins and ends (organs). Include ENZYMES involved Final Products of Digestion Lipids Proteins 1
8. The three stages of digestion are: a) b) c) 9. What are the four types of human teeth and what function does each serve? Tooth Function 10. List two differences between the teeth of mammalian herbivores and mammalian carnivores. Herbivores Carnivores 11. List two functions of the tongue: a) b) 12. Define: a) chyme b) bolus 2
c) peristalsis d) uvula e) cardiac sphincter f) pyloric sphincter g) epiglottis h) papillae 13. Label this diagram: 3
14. Label this diagram: 15. Be able to label diagrams showing the following structures (Only the marked structures are shown on the attached diagram). Use the letters to label this one! Define or explain them: a) Duodenum b) Jejunum c) Ileum d) Gall bladder e) Pancreas f) Ileocaecal valve g) Caecum h) Appendix i) Ascending colon j) Transverse colon k) Descending colon l) Sigmoid (pelvic) colon m) Rectum n) Anus o) Liver 4
16. Complete this table. Organ Function(s) Stomach Liver Pancreas Small Intestine Large Intestine Gall Bladder Rectum Ileocaecal Valve Pyloric Sphincter 17. Describe the following disorders of the digestive system: a) Appendicitis b) Peritonitis 5
c) Haemorrhoids d) Ulcers 18. Why is ph important for digestion in the stomach and small intestine? 19. How does the liver help to create the proper ph conditions? 20. Clem eats a Burger King Double Cheeseburger. How is the burger broken down into useable nutrients? Trace the course of digestion, explaining the role of various digestive structures and their secretions. Describe the digestion of all three major nutrients, including which enzymes are involved. a) Proteins b) Carbohydrates c) Lipids 6
21. Explain the source and function of these secretions: Secretion Source Function a) Bile b) Protease c) Lipase d) Pancreatic amylase e) Salivary amylase f) Glycogen g) Insulin 22. Describe the structure of villi in the small intestine. How does this structure improve digestion? 23. What is a Calorie? 24. What are the three classes of nutrients that can provide energy? 25. What is scurvy? 26. What are the four basic food groups? 27. Explain why an anorexic patient loses weight while a bulimic patient can maintain relatively normal weight. 7
28. Starch can provide enough energy to supply the demands of your body. Why could you not survive for an extended period on a diet of bread and water? 29. How many calories in a food Calorie? 30. What are the functions of fat in the body? 31. What can happen to amino acids taken in by cells from the blood? 32. What happens when your diet is missing a particular vitamin? 33. What is the primary function of calcium in the body? 8
34. Define: a) Nutrient b) Vitamin c) Essential amino acid d) Saturated fat e) Mineral (dietary) 35. To which food group do eggs belong? 36. Why is malnutrition a complication of anorexia nervosa? 37. Why is fat the preferred substance for long-term storage of energy in the body? 38. We are told that some fats are unhealthy, and others are good for you. d) List one group of bad fats. e) List one group of good fats. f) What is a hydrogenated fat? g) What is the reason that the fats used in margarine are hydrogenated? 9