楊智宇醫師 Chih-Yu Yang, MD, PhD 學位 : 國立陽明大學醫學士 (2002 年 ) 國立陽明大學臨床醫學研究所博士 (2015 年 ) 現職 : 國立陽明大學臨床醫學研究所專任副教授 (2018 年迄今 ) 臺北榮民總醫院內科部腎臟科主治醫師 (2008 年迄今 ) 經歷 : 美國加州大學聖地牙哥分校研究員 (2014 年 ) 國立陽明大學醫學系內科學科副教授 (2017 至 2018 年 ) 國立陽明大學醫學系內科學科助理教授 (2012 至 2017 年 ) 國立陽明大學醫學系內科學科講師 (2008 至 2012 年 ) 臺北榮民總醫院內科部住院醫師 腎臟科總醫師 部總醫師 (2002 至 2008 年 ) 專長學科及研究興趣 : 生物統計 轉譯醫學 幹細胞生物學 專科證書 : 中華民國內科專科醫師中華民國腎臟科專科醫師 專科學會 : 臺灣內科醫學會 臺灣腎臟醫學會 中華醫學會 臺灣幹細胞學會 美國腎臟醫學會 國際細胞治療學會 期刊編輯 : Managing Editor, Acta Nephrologica (the official journal of the Taiwan Society of Nephrology) Associate Editor, Clinical Medicine Journal (Taipei Veterans General Hospital) ( 臨床醫學月刊 ) Editor, Taipei City Medical Journal ( 北市醫學雜誌 ) 期刊審稿者 : Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (SCI), Endocrinology (SCI), British Journal of Surgery (SCI), Journal of Clinical Pathology (SCI), International Journal of Clinical Practice (SCI), International Journal of Dermatology (SCI), Scientific Reports (SCI), PLoS ONE (SCI), BMC Cardiovascular Disorders (SCI), Nephrology (SCI), Renal Failure (SCI), Journal of Chinese Medical Association (SCI), Tzu Chi Medical Journal, Acta Nephrologica 1
專利 : 發明名稱 : 治療纖維化之透析液 ( 中華民國發明第 I 454287 號 ) 發明人 : 行政院國軍退除役官兵輔導委員會臺北榮民總醫院 ( 楊智宇 楊安航 ) 時間 :2014 年 10 月 1 日迄今 獎項 : 2018 年 : 國家新創獎 2018 年 : 國立陽明大學醫學系優良教師獎 2017 年 : 行政院科技部未來科技突破獎 2017 年 : 國立陽明大學醫學系優良教師獎 2016 年 : 國立陽明大學醫學系優良教師獎 2015 年 : 行政院退輔會臨床教學績優醫師獎 2014 年 : 國立陽明大學醫學系優良教師獎 Chih-Yu Yang, MD, PhD Educational Attainment: Doctor of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (June 2002) Doctor of Philosophy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (July 2015) Academic Appointment: Associate Professor, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (August 2018~Present) Hospital Appointment: Attending Physician, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (August 2008~Present) Professional Experience: Visiting Scholar, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA (2014) Associate Professor, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (August 2017~July 2018) Assistant Professor, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (August 2012~July 2017) Lecturer, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, 2
Taipei, Taiwan (August 2008~July 2012) Chief Resident and Resident, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (June 2002~July 2008) Board Certifications: Diplomate, National Board of Internal Medicine, Taiwan Diplomate, National Board of Nephrology, Taiwan Professional Society Memberships: Taiwan Society of Internal Medicine, Taiwan Society of Nephrology, Chinese Medical Association-Taipei, Taiwan Society for Stem Cell Research, American Society of Nephrology, International Society for Cellular Therapy Specialty and Research Interests: Biostatistics, Translational Medicine, Stem Cell Biology Journal Editor: Managing Editor, Acta Nephrologica (the official journal of the Taiwan Society of Nephrology) Associate Editor, Clinical Medicine Journal (Taipei Veterans General Hospital) Editor, Taipei City Medical Journal Journal Reviewer: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (SCI), Endocrinology (SCI), British Journal of Surgery (SCI), Journal of Clinical Pathology (SCI), International Journal of Clinical Practice (SCI), International Journal of Dermatology (SCI), Scientific Reports (SCI), PLoS ONE (SCI), BMC Cardiovascular Disorders (SCI), Nephrology (SCI), Renal Failure (SCI), Journal of Chinese Medical Association (SCI), Tzu Chi Medical Journal, Acta Nephrologica Patent: Taiwan national patent: Method for Treating Peritoneal Fibrosis (No. I 454287; starting from 2014/10/1) Awards: 2018: National Innovation Award, Taiwan 2018: Excellent Teaching Award, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taiwan 3
2017: Future Tech Breakthrough Award, Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan 2017: Excellent Teaching Award, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taiwan 2016: Excellent Teaching Award, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taiwan 2015: Excellent Teaching Award, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan 2014: Excellent Teaching Award, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taiwan Publications: (* indicates the corresponding author) (1) Chih-Yu Yang, Der-Cherng Tarng*. Diet, gut microbiome and indoxyl sulphate in chronic kidney disease patients. Nephrology (Carlton). 2018 Oct;23 Suppl 4:16-20. (2) Paul C.-P. Chao*, Pei-Yu Chiang, Yung-Hua Kao, Tse-Yi Tu, Chih-Yu Yang, Der-Cherng Tarng, Chin-Long Wey. A Portable, Wireless Photoplethysomography Sensor for Assessing Health of Arteriovenous Fistula Using Class-Weighted Support Vector Machine. Sensors 2018, 18(11), 3854. (3) Pei-Yu Chiang, Paul C.-P. Chao*, Chih-Yu Yang, Der-Cherng Tarng. Theoretical developments and clinical experiments of measuring blood flow volume (BFV) at arteriovenous fistula (AVF) using a photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor. Microsystem Technologies. November 2018, Volume 24, Issue 11, pp 4587 4603. (4) Fu-Ming Chang, Der-Cherng Tarng, Chih-Yu Yang*. Starry-sky bowels. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2018 Dec;33(12):1807-1808. (5) Chia-Lin Shen, Chin-Chen Pan, Chih-Yu Yang*. Symmetric nephromegaly. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2018 Sep 3. [Epub ahead of print] (6) Chia-I Shen, Der-Cherng Tarng, Chih-Yu Yang*. Double diaphragmatic contour. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2018 May; 43(5):1277-1278. (7) Chia-Lin Shen, An-Hang Yang, Tse-Jen Lien, Der-Cherng Tarng*, Chih-Yu Yang*. Tacrolimus Blood Level Fluctuation Predisposes to Coexisting BK Virus Nephropathy and Acute Allograft Rejection. Sci Rep. 2017 May 16; 7(1):1986. (8) Pei-Yu Chiang, Paul C.-P. Chao*, Der-Cherng Tarng, Chih-Yu Yang. A Novel Wireless Photoplethysmography Blood Flow Volume Sensor for Assessing Arteriovenous Fistula of Hemodialysis Patients. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics PP(99):1-1, 2017 May. (9) Yu-Mei Cheng, Der-Cherng Tarng, Chih-Yu Yang*. Renal Infarction due to Renal Artery Dissection: A Diagnostic Challenge. Am J Med Sci. 2017 Jun;353(6):e15. (10) Chih-Ching Lin, Yu-Te Wu, Wu-Chang Yang, Min-Juei Tsai, Jia-Sin Liu, Chih-Yu Yang, Szu-Yuan Li, Shuo-Ming Ou, Der-Cherng Tarng*, Chih-Cheng Hsu*. Angiotensin receptor blockers are associated with lower mortality than ACE inhibitors in predialytic stage 5 chronic kidney disease: A nationwide study of therapy with renin-angiotensin system blockade. PLoS 4
One. 2017 Dec 7; 12(12):e0189126. (11) Chih-Yu Yang, Yat-Pang Chau, Ann Chen, Oscar K. Lee, Der-Cherng Tarng, An-Hang Yang*. Targeting cannabinoid signaling for peritoneal dialysis-induced oxidative stress and fibrosis. World J Nephrol. 2017 May 6; 6(3):111-118. (12) Wen-Sheng Liu, Da-Chen Chu, Hsiang-Lin Chan, Szu-Yuan Li, Chih-Kuang Liu, Chih-Yu Yang, Yu-Wei Chen, Pui-Ching Lee, Yen-Ting Lai, Chih-Ching Lin*. Fixed dose of long-acting erythropoietic stimulating agents at higher frequency improves appetite, reduces inflammation and corrects anaemia in patients on haemodialysis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2016 Oct; 43(10):875-8. (13) Wen-Sheng Liu, Hsiang-Lin Chan, Yen-Ting Lai, Ya-Hsu Yang, Hao-Wei Teng, Chih-Kuang Liu, Szu-Yuan Li, Chih-Yu Yang, Tsung-Yun Liu*, Chih-Ching Lin*. Shift from darbepoetin-α to continuous erythropoietin receptor activator decreases serum aluminium concentration in patients on hemodialysis. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2016 May 24; 45:108-114. (14) Chia-I Chou, Chia-Jen Shih, Yung-Tai Chen, Shuo-Ming Ou, Chih-Yu Yang, Shu-Chen Kuo, Dachen Chu*. Adverse Effects of Oral Nonselective and cyclooxygenase-2-selective NSAIDs on Hospitalization for Acute Kidney Injury: A Nested Case-Control Cohort Study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Mar; 95(9):e2645. (15) Chia-Jen Shih, Hung-Ta Chen, Pei-Wen Chao, Shu-Chen Kuo, Szu-Yuan Li, Chih-Yu Yang, Der-Cherng Tarng, Shuo-Ming Ou, Yung-Tai Chen*. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers and the risk of major adverse cardiac events in patients with diabetes and prior stroke: a nationwide study. J Hypertens. 2016 Mar; 34(3):567-75. (16) Chia-Jen Shih, Shuo-Ming Ou, Pei-Wen Chao, Shu-Chen Kuo, Yi-Jung Lee, Chih-Yu Yang, Der-Cherng Tarng, Chih-Ching Lin, Po-Hsun Huang, Szu-Yuan Li, Yung-Tai Chen*. Risks of Death and Stroke in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis With New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation: A Competing-Risk Analysis of a Nationwide Cohort. Circulation. 2016 Jan 19; 133(3):265-72. (17) Yu-Wei Chen 1, Chih-Yu Yang 1, Chih-Ching Lin, Der-Cherng Tarng, Wu-Chang Yang*. Peritoneal Characteristics of Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis: A Ten-Year Experience. Acta Nephrologica 30(3): 120-126, 2016. (18) Chih-Yu Yang, Zee-Fen Chang, Yat-Pang Chau, Ann Chen, Wu-Chang Yang, An-Hang Yang*, Oscar K. Lee*. Circulating Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Inhibitors and Uremic Vascular Calcifications. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2015 Aug;30(8):1356-63. (19) Chih-Yu Yang, Zee-Fen Chang, Yat-Pang Chau, Ann Chen, Oscar K. Lee*, An-Hang Yang*. Uremia Induces Dental Pulp Ossification but Reciprocally Inhibits Adjacent Alveolar Bone Osteogenesis. Calcif Tissue Int. 2015 Nov;97(5):466-75. (20) Chih-Yu Yang, Fu-An Chen, Chun-Fan Chen, Wen-Sheng Liu, Chia-Jen Shih, Shuo-Ming Ou, Wu-Chang Yang, Chih-Ching Lin*, An-Hang Yang*. Diagnostic Accuracy of Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratio Is Influenced by Urine Concentration. PLoS One. 2015 Sep 9;10(9):e0137460. 5
(21) Po-Yu Tseng, Wu-Chang Yang, Chih-Yu Yang*, Der-Cherng Tarng. Long-term Outcomes of Parathyroidectomy in Kidney Transplant Recipients with Persistent Hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2015 Jul 14;40(4):386-394 (22) Chia-Jen Shih, Yueh-Lin Wu, Pei-Wen Chao, Shu-Chen Kuo, Chih-Yu Yang, Szu-Yuan Li, Shuo-Ming Ou, Yung-Tai Chen*. Association between Use of Oral Anti-Diabetic Drugs and the Risk of Sepsis: A Nested Case-Control Study. Sci Rep. 2015 Oct 14;5:15260. (23) Shuo-Ming Ou, Chia-Jen Shih, Pei-Wen Chao, Hsi Chu, Shu-Chen Kuo, Yi-Jung Lee, Shuu-Jiun Wang, Chih-Yu Yang, Chih-Ching Lin, Tzeng-Ji Chen, Der-Cherng Tarng, Szu-Yuan Li, Yung-Tai Chen*. Effects on Clinical Outcomes of Adding Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors Versus Sulfonylureas to Metformin Therapy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Nov 3;163(9):663-72. (24) Chin-Chou Huang, Chia-Min Chung, Shuen-Iu Hung, Wen-Harn Pan, Hsin-Bang Leu, Po-Hsun Huang, Chun-Chih Chiu, Liang-Yu Lin, Chih-Ching Lin, Chih-Yu Yang, Szu-yuan Li, Yen-Chia Chen, Tao-Cheng Wu, Shing-Jong Lin, Jaw-Wen Chen*. Clinical and Genetic Factors Associated With Thiazide-Induced Hyponatremia. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 Aug;94(34):e1422. (25) Chun-Fan Chen, Wu-Chang Yang, Chih-Yu Yang, Szu-Yuan Li, Shuo-Ming Ou, Yung-Tai Chen, Chia-Jen Shih, Chih-Chiang Chien, Min-Chi Chen, Yu-Jen Wang, Chih-Ching Lin*.Urinary Protein/Creatinine Ratio Weighted by Estimated Urinary Creatinine Improves the Accuracy of Predicting Daily Proteinuria. Am J Med Sci. 2015 Jun;349(6):477-87. (26) Chia-Jen Shih, Der-Cherng Tarng, Wu-Chang Yang, Chih-Yu Yang*. Immunosuppressant Reduction and Long-term Rejection Risk in Renal Transplant Recipients with Severe Bacterial Pneumonia. Singapore Med J. 2014 Jul;55(7):372-7. (27) Po-Yu Tseng, Der-Cherng Tarng, Wu-Chang Yang, Chih-Yu Yang*. Benign pneumatosis intestinalis. Intern Med. 2014;53(14):1589-90. (28) Chia-Jen Shih, Wen-Liang Fang, Wu-Chang Yang, Chih-Yu Yang*. An Unusual Intra-abdominal Calcification in a Plain Film. Am J Med Sci. 2014 Mar;347(3):234. (29) Chia-Jen Shih, Hsi Chu, Pei-wen Chao, Yi-Jung Lee, Shu-Chen Kuo, Szu-Yuan Li, Der-Cherng Tarng, Chih-Yu Yang, Wu-Chang Yang, Shuo-Ming Ou, Yung-Tai Chen*. Long-Term Clinical Outcome of Major Adverse Cardiac Events in Survivors of Infectious Endocarditis: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. Circulation 2014 Nov 4;130(19):1684-91. (30) Chih-Yu Yang, Yat-Pang Chau, Hsi-Tzu Lee, Hsin-Yu Kuo, Oscar K. Lee, An-Hang Yang*. Cannabinoid Receptors as Therapeutic Targets for Dialysis-Induced Peritoneal Fibrosis. Am J Nephrol. 2013;37(1):50-8. (31) Chia-Jen Shih, Der-Cherng Tarng, Wu-Chang Yang, Chih-Yu Yang*. Parathyroidectomy Reduces Intradialytic Hypotension in Hemodialysis Patients with Secondary Hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2013 Sep 22;37(4-5):323-331. (32) Chih-Ching Lin*, Wu-Chang Yang, Min-Chi Chen, Wen-Sheng Liu, Chih-Yu Yang, Pui-Ching Lee. Effect of far infrared therapy on arteriovenous fistula maturation: an open-label randomized 6
controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013 Aug;62(2):304-11. (33) Yee-Yung Ng*, Hong-Da Lin, Shiao-Chi Wu, Chih-Yu Yang, Wu-Chang Yang, Hung-Hsiang Liou, Fen-Hsiang Hu, Chun-Cheng Hou, Su-Shan Tseng, Nai-Yung Ku, Nien-Yung Hsiao, Wen-Chieh Wu, Hsing-Meng Tu, Tse-Jen Lien, Chung-Ching Lee, Kwong-Kee Tsang, Chen-Seng Cheng, Jean Hu, Ru-Ping Lin. Impact of Thyroid Dysfunction on Erythropoietin Dosage in Hemodialysis Patients. Thyroid 2013 May;23(5):552-61. (34) Chih-Yu Yang, Ming-Ling Wu, Yea-Yun Chou, Szu-Yuan Li, Jou-Fang Deng, Wu-Chang Yang, Yee-Yung Ng*. Essential Trace Element Status and Clinical Outcomes in Long-term Dialysis Patients: A Two-Year Prospective Observational Cohort Study. Clin Nutr. 2012 Oct;31(5):630-6. (35) Chih-Yu Yang, Wu-Chang Yang, Yao-Ping Lin*. Postdialysis Blood Pressure Rise Predicts Long-term Outcomes in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients: A Four-Year Prospective Observational Cohort Study. BMC Nephrol. 2012 Mar 14;13:12. (36) Chih-Yu Yang, An-Hang Yang, Wu-Chang Yang, Chih-Ching Lin*. Risk Factors for Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia in Glomerulonephritis Patients Receiving Immunosuppressants. Intern Med. 2012;51(20):2869-75. (37) Chih-Yu Yang, Chia-Jen Shih, Wu-Chang Yang, Chih-Ching Lin*. Aggressive Immunosuppressant Reduction and Long-Term Rejection Risk in Renal Transplant Recipients with Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia. Exp Clin Transplant. 2012 Aug;10(4):344-9. (38) Yao-Ping Lin, Chih-Yu Yang, Chen-Chung Liao, Wen-Chung Yu, Chin-Wen Chi, Chao-Hsiung Lin*. Plasma protein characteristics of long-term hemodialysis survivors. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40232. (39) Fu-An Chen, Chih-Yu Yang, Wu-Chang Yang, Jinn-Yang Chen, Yee-Yung Ng, Szu-Yuan Li, Wen-Sheng Liu, Shiao-Ti Cheng, Yu-Jen Wang, Chih-Ching Lin*. Ankle-brachial index is a powerful predictor of renal outcome and cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease. Scientific World Journal 2012;2012:238494. (40) Wen-Sheng Liu, Yu-Ting Chung, Chih-Yu Yang, Chih-Ching Lin, Kun-Hung Tsai, Wu-Chang Yang, Tzen-Wen Chen, Yen-Ting Lai, Szu-Yuan Li, Tsung-Yun Liu*. Serum creatinine determined by Jaffe, enzymatic method, and high performance liquid chromatography in patients under hemodialysis. J Clin Lab Anal. 2012 May;26(3):206-14. (41) Szu-Yuan Li*, Yung-Tai Chen, Wu-Chang Yang, Der-Cherng Tarng, Chih-Ching Lin, Chih-Yu Yang, Wen-Sheng Liu. Effect of add-on direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in patients with non-diabetes related chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol. 2012 Aug 23;13:89. (42) Sung-Hua Chuang, Wu-Chang Yang, Chih-Yu Yang, Szu-Yuan Li*. Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis and Aortic Calcification with Near-total Occlusion. J Emerg Med. 2012 Jun;42(6):695-7. (43) Yao-Chung Liu, Peter Mu-Hsin Chang, Chun-Yu Liu, Chih-Yu Yang, Ming-Han Chen, Chin-Chen Pan, Ming-Huang Chen*. Sunitinib-induced nephrotic syndrome in association with drug response in a patient with Xp11.2 translocation renal cell carcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2011 7
November;41(11):1277-81. (44) Chih-Yu Yang, Chih-Ching Lin, Yao-Ping Lin, Wu-Chang Yang*. The calcified abdomen. Am J Med Sci. 2011 December;342(6):519. (45) Hsin-Ming Lee, Rheun-Chuan Lee, Wu-Chang Yang, Chih-Yu Yang*. Staghorn blood clot. Intern Med. 2011;50(21):2715. (46) Yen-Hung Yao, Chung-Chi Lin, Yu-Mei Chung, An-Hang Yang, Szu-Yuan Li, Chih-Ching Lin, Yao-Ping Lin, Wu-Chang Yang, Chih-Yu Yang*. Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome (TINU) with Fanconi's syndrome. Clin Nephrol. 2011 February;75 Suppl 1:75-8. (47) Chun-Fan Chen, Sung-Hua Chuang, Ho-Tai Wu, Cheng-Hsien Wu, Wing-Yin Li, Chiao-Lin Chuang, Wu-Chang Yang, Chih-Yu Yang*. A dialysis patient with a nodular tongue. Kidney Int. 2010 September;78(6):624. (48) Chih-Yu Yang, Tzen-Wen Chen, Yao-Ping Lin, Chih-Ching Lin, Yee-Yung Ng, Wu-Chang Yang, Jinn-Yang Chen*. Determinants of catheter loss following continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis peritonitis. Perit Dial Int. 2008 Jul-Aug;28(4):361-70. (49) Chih-Yu Yang, Ming-Yu Lai, Cheng-Lang Lu, Hsiuo-Shan Tseng, Hong-Jen Chiou, Wu-Chang Yang, Yee-Yung Ng*. Timing of Doppler examination for the detection of arteriovenous fistula after percutaneous renal biopsy. J Clin Ultrasound. 2008 Jul-Aug;36(6):377-80. (50) Chih-Yu Yang, Chiao-Lin Chuang, Shu-Huei Shen, Tzen-Wen Chen, Wu-Chang Yang, Jinn-Yang Chen*. Appendicitis in a CAPD patient: a diagnostic challenge. Perit Dial Int. 2007 Sep-Oct;27(5):591-3. (51) Chih-Yu Yang, Yao-Ping Lin*. Direct antistaphylococcal effects of high-dose aspirin in hemodialysis patients? Am J Kidney Dis. 2007 Aug;50(2):342. (52) Ming-Yu Lai*, Chih-Yu Yang, Wu-Chang Yang, Yen-Hwa Chang, Shu-Huei Shen, Chin-Chen Pan, An-Hang Yang. Giant bilateral perinephric tumour and overt proteinuria. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007 Jul;22(7):2089-90. (53) Chih-Yu Yang, Ming-Yu Lai*, Wu-Chang Yang, Chih-Ching Lin, Yee-Yung Ng. Cervical cancer with pyometra--an insidious cause of uraemia in a post-menopausal woman. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006 Oct;21(10):2984-5. 8