Edited byse-kwon Kim and Katarzyna Chojnacka Marine Algae Extracts Processes, Products, and Applications Volume 2 Wl LEY-VCH VerlagGmbH & Co. KG aa
VII to Volume 2 List of Contributors Preface XXV Acknowledgments XV XXVII Part IV: Biological Applications of Marine Algae 347 21 Algal Extracts in Dentistry 349 Marcin Mikulewicz and Katarzyna Chojnacka 21.1 Introduction 349 21.2 Various Applications of Products Derived from Algae in Dentistry 349 21.2.1 Impression Materials 349 21.2.1.1 Agar and Alginate Hydrocolloid Impression Material 351 21.2.1.2 Other Hydrocolloids (Agar) 352 21.2.2 Toothpastes 352 21.2.3 Mouthwash 352 21.2.4 Anti-Inflammatory Applications 353 21.2.5 Alloplastic Synthetic Grafts (Fluorohydroxyapatitic Biomaterial) 353 21.2.6 Biocompatibility 354 21.3 Additional Applications 355 21.3.1 Potential Application of Mineralization Properties 355 21.3.2 Biomaterials 355 21.3.2.1 Antiplaque and Anticalculus Properties 355 21.3.3 Regenerative Materials in Periodontal Diseases 355 21.3.4 Chewing Gums 355 21.4 Conclusions 356 References 357
VIII 22 Marine Algae for Protecting Your Brain: Neuroprotective Potentials of Marine Algae 359 Pradeep Dewapriya and Se-Kwon Kim 22.1 Introduction 359 22.2 Neuroprotective Properties of Algae and Algae-Derived Compounds 360 22.2.1 Anti-Inflammatory Compounds 360 22.2.2 Compounds against Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neuron 362 22.2.3 Marine Algae against Aggregated Misfolded Proteins-Induced Neurotoxicity 364 22.2.4 Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activity 365 22.2.5 Other Algae-Derived Neuroprotective Materials 366 22.3 Concluding References 367 Remarks 367 23 Antiviral Activities of Marine Algal Extracts 371 Fatih Karadeniz, Mustafa Z. Karagozlu, and Se-Kwon Kim 23.1 Introduction 371 23.2 Substances Responsible for Antiviral Activity of Algal Extracts 372 23.2.1 Phlorotannins 372 23.2.2 Polysaccharides 374 23.2.3 Lectins 376 23.2.4 Others 377 23.3 Conclusion 377 References 378 24 Antihyperglycemic of Sargassum sp. Extract 381 Muhamad Firdaus, Rahmi Nurdiani, andasep A. Prihanto 24.1 Introduction 381 24.2 Seaweed Bioactivities 382 24.3 In Vivo Hypoglycemic Activity of S. aquifolium Extract 384 24.3.1 Inhibition of a-amylase and a-glucosidase by Sargassum sp. Extracts 385 24.3.2 Area under Curve (AUC) 386 24.4 In Vivo Hypoglycemic Effects of S. aquifolium Rats 387 24.4.1 Body Weight 388 24.4.2 Blood Glucose 389 24.4.3 Hemoglobin A,c (HbAjc) 390 24.5 Conclusion 391 References 391 Extracts on Diabetic
IX 25 Immunological Activity of Marine Microalgae Mariangela Caroprese, 25.1 Marine Microalgae Extracts 395 25.1.1 Phytosterols 398 25.1.2 Carotenoids and Vitamins 399 25.1.3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 399 Extracts 395 Maria G. Ciliberti, and Marzia Albenzio 25.2 Overview of the Immune System 401 25.2.1 Immunological Activity of Sterols 402 25.2.2 Immunological Activity of Carotenoids and Vitamins 405 25.2.3 Immunological Activity of Fatty Acids 406 25.3 Conclusion 407 References 407 26 Algal Polysaccharides and Their Biological Applications 411 Sirisha L. Vavilala andjacinta S. D'Souza 26.1 Introduction 411 26.2 Algal Sulfated Polysaccharides 414 26.2.1 Sulfated Polysaccharides from Brown Algae 414 26.2.1.1 Alginates 414 26.2.1.2 Laminarin 415 26.2.1.3 Fucoidan 416 26.2.2 Sulfated Polysaccharides from Red Algae 418 26.2.2.1 Carrangeenans 418 26.2.2.2 Agar 419 26.2.3 Sulfated Polysaccharides from Green Algae 421 26.2.3.1 Ulvans 421 26.3 Applications of Bioactive Algal Polysaccharides 422 26.3.1 Anticoagulant and Antithrombotic Activities of Sulfated Polysaccharides 423 26.3.2 Antiviral Activities 427 26.3.3 Immunoin-flammatory Activities 429 26.3.4 Antioxidant Activities 431 26.3.5 Antilipidemic Activities 431 26.3.6 Sulfated Polysaccharides as Dietary Fibers 432 26.3.7 Seaweed Products and Potential of Its Biomass 433 26.3.7.1 Alginates 433 26.3.7.2 Agar 435 26.3.7.3 Mannitol 435 26.3.8 Seaweed Biomass for Bioenergy Production 435 26.3.8.1 Ethanol and Butanol from Brown Seaweeds 436 26A Future Prospects and Conclusion 438 References 438
Potential Utilitarian X I 27 Biological Phlorotannins of Eisenia bicyclis 453 Sang-Hoon Lee and Se-Kwon Kim 27.1 Introduction 453 27.2 Biological Activities of E. bicyclis 455 27.2.1 Antiviral Activity 455 27.2.2 Antioxidant Activity 456 27.2.3 Antitumor Activity 457 27.2.4 Anti-Inflammatory Activity 458 27.2.5 Antidiabetic Activity 460 27.3 Concluding Remarks 460 Acknowledgment 461 References 461 Part V: Biomedical Applications of Marine Algae 465-28 Algal Extracts as a Carrier of Micronutrients ofnew Formulations 467 Properties tukasz Tuhy, Katarzyna Chojnacka, Izabela Michalak, and Anna Witek-Krowiak 28.1 Introduction 467 28.2 The Application of Chelation Process in the Fertilizer Industry 467 28.3 Mechanism of Chelation 468 28.4 Seaweed Polysaccharides as a Source of Natural Chelators of Micronutrient Ions 468 28.5 Examples of Seaweed Polysaccharides - of Microelement Ions 469 28.5.1 Alginate 469 28.5.2 Carrageenan 471 28.5.3 Ulvan 472 28.5.4 Fucoidan 473 28.5.5 Laminarin 474 28.5.6 Agar 475 28.5.7 Porphyran 475 Chelators 28.6 Gel Formation by Seaweed Polysaccharides 476 28.7 Extraction Procedure of Polysaccharides 478 28.8 Examples of Chelating Properties of Extracted Seaweed Polysaccharides 479 28.9 New Approach toward Chelating Micronutrients by Polysaccharides 480 28.10 Regulations 482 28.11 Examples of Available Commercial Products 482 28.12 Conclusions 483 Acknowledgments 483 References 484
XI 29 Marine Algae Based Biomaterials for Osteoblast Differentiation and Tissue Regeneration 489 Pathum Chandika and Won-KyoJung 29.1 Introduction 489 29.2 Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration 490 29.3 Potentials ofmarine Algae Derived Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration 492 29.3.1 Marine Algae Sauce for Bone Tissue Engineering 492 29.3.2 Algae Based Hydroxyapatite for Bone Tissue Engineering 498 29A Effects of Marine Algae on Osteoblast Differentiation 499 29.5 Osteoclast Inhibition through Marine Algae 500 29.6 Conclusions 501 Acknowledgments 502 References 502 30 Marine Algae Derived Polysaccharides Regeneration 509 for Bone Tissue Jayachandran Venkatesan and Se-Kwon Kim 30.1 Introduction 509 30.2 Alginate 511 30.2.1 Isolation Procedure ofalginate from Seaweed 511 30.2.2 Biomedical Application of Alginate 511 30.3 Fucoidan 513 30.3.1 Isolation of Fucoidan 514 30.3.2 Osteogenic Differentiation of Fucoidan 516 30.3.3 Fucoidan Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering 516 30.4 Conclusions 517 Acknowledgments 517 References 517 31 Wound Dressings from Algal Polymers 523 Monica Bhatnagar and Ashish Bhatnagar 31.1 Introduction 523 31.2 Wound 524 31.3 Wound Healing 525 31.4 Wound Dressings 527 31.5 Algal Polymers in Wound Management 527 31.5.1 Macroalgae 527 31.5.1.1 Alginates 528 31.5.1.2 Fucoidans 531 31.5.1.3 Carrageenan 535 31.5.1.4 Ulvans 537 31.5.1.5 Agar Agar 539 31.5.1.6 Laminarin 542 31.5.2 Microalgal and Cyanobacterial Polymers 543
XII 31.6 Conclusion 544 References 545 32 Marine Algae and Chronic Diseases 557 Kalimuthu Senthilkumar and Se-Kwon Kim 32.1 Introduction 557 32.2 Marine Algae 558 32.3 Biological Activity of Marine Algae 559 32.4 Marine Algae on Chronic Diseases 560 32.4.1 Cardiovascular Disease 561 32.4.2 Diabetes 562 32.4.3 Arthritis 563 32.4.4 Osteoporosis 564 32.4.5 Neurodegenerative 32.4.6 HIV/AIDS 565 32.4.7 Anticancer 566 32.5 Conclusion 567 Acknowledgments 567 References 568 Diseases 564 33 Algae Wastes Biomass: A New Class of Low-Cost Material with Potential Applications in Environmental Engineering 575 Laura Bulgariu and Dumitru Bulgariu 33.1 Introduction 575 33.2 Some Structural Characteristics of Algae Waste Biomass 577 33.3 Utilization of Algae Waste Biomass for Heavy Metals Removal in Batch Systems 580 33.3.1 Influence of Some Experimental Parameters on Biosorption Efficiency 580 33.3.2 Desorption and Reuse 588 33.3.3 Modeling of Biosorption Process of Heavy Metals on Algae Waste Biomass 589 33.4 Utilization of Algae Waste Biomass for Heavy Metals Removal in Continuous Systems 593 33.5 Conclusions 597 References 598 Part VI: Food and Industrial Applications of Marine Algae 603 34 Algae Extract as a Potential Feed Additive 605 Mariusz Korczyhski, Zuzanna Witkowska, Sebastian Opalihski, Marita Swiniarska, andzbigniew Dobrzahski 34.1 Introduction 605 34.2 Biologically Active Compounds 606 34.2.1 Polysaccharides 606
XIII 34.2.2 Proteins 609 34.2.3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) 610 34.2.4 Polyphenols 614 34.2.5 Pigments 615 34.2.6 Minerals 617 34.2.7 Other Biologically Active Compounds 617 Acknowledgments 617 References 617 35 Application of Marine Algae Derived Nutraceuticals in the Food Industry 627 Isuru Wijesekara andse-kwon Kim 35.1 Introduction 627 35.2 Bioactive Components from Marine Algae as Nutraceuticals 628 35.2.1 Phlorotannins 628 35.2.2 Sulfated Polysaccharides 628 35.2.3 Fucoxanthin and Astaxanthin 629 35.2.4 Lectins 631 35.2.5 Fucosterol 631 35.2.6 Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids 631 35.2.7 Proteins and Peptides 632 35.3 Health Beneficial Effects of Nutraceuticals from Marine Algae 632 35.3.1 Anticancer Effect 632 35.3.2 Antioxidant Effect 633 35.3.3 Anticoagulant Effect 633 35.3.4 Anti-HIV and Antimicrobial Effects 634 35.4 Concluding Remarks 634 References 635 36 Microalgal Carotenoids: Bioactive Roles, Health Foods, and Pharmaceuticals 639 J. Paniagua-Michel, Jorge Olmos Soto, and Eduardo Morales Guerrero 36.1 Introduction 639 36.2 Bioactive Roles of Microalgal Carotenoids 640 36.3 Microalgal Carotenoids as Food Additives 643 36.3.1 P-Carotene from Dunaliella salina 644 36.3.2 Astaxanthin from Haematococcus 644 36.3.3 Lutein from Chlorella 644 36.4 Carotenoids from Microalgae for Aquaculture 646 36.5 The Pro-vitamin A Bioactivity of Microalgae Carotenoids 647 36.6 Microalgal Carotenoids and Their Antioxidant Activity 648 36.7 Microalgae Carotenoids: Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Potential 650 36.8 Anticancer Properties of Microalgae Carotenoids 651 36.9 Carotenoids and Macular Degeneration 653
Sample XIV I 36.10 Conclusions 653 References 654 37 Biologically Active Organic Compounds, Especially Plant Promoters, in Algae Extracts and Their Potential Application in Plant Cultivation 659 Bogusiawa Gorka, Jacek Lipok, and Piotr P. Wieczorek 37.1 Algae as a Source of Bioactive Substances 659 37.2 Plant Hormones and Hormone-Like Compounds in Algae 662 37.2.1 Auxins 663 37.2.2 Gibberellins 664 37.2.3 Cytokinins 665 37.2.4 Brassinosteroids 666 37.2.5 Other Compounds Regulating Plant Growth 666 37.3 Methods of Isolation and Fractionation of Active Compounds from Algal Extracts 668 37A Algal Extracts - Preparation for Analytical Purposes 670 37.5 Quantitative and Qualitative Methods of Algal Active Compounds Determination 672 37.6 Application of Algae and Algal Originated Products in Agriculture 673 37.7 Perspectives 675 Acknowledgment 676 References 676 38 Biomass and Extracts of Algae as Material for Cosmetics 681 Joanna Fabrowska, Bogusiawatqska, GrzegorzSchroeder, Beata Messyasz, and Marta Pikosz 38.1 Introduction 681 38.2 Bioactive Compounds 682 38.2.1 Polysaccharides 682 38.2.2 Proteins 686 38.2.3 Lipids 687 38.2.4 Pigments 688 38.2.5 Phenolic Compounds and Others 689 38.3 Application in Cosmetic Products 690 38.3.1 Algae Biomass 691 38.3.2 Algae Extracts 693 38.3.3 Quality Assurance and Regulations 698 38.4 Conclusion 701 Acknowledgments 701 References 701 Index 707