Effect of dietary lipids in dairy cow diets: A nutrigenomic approach DVM MSc PhD EINAR VARGAS BELLO PEREZ Assistant Professor Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences 31 st October 2018
Einar Vargas Bello Pérez DVM Veterinary Medicine (2000-2005) Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México MSc (2005-2007) McGill University, Canada PhD (2007-2011) The University of Nottingham, United Kingdom Associate Professor (2011-2018) Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Assistant Professor (2018 present) University of Copenhagen
31-10-2018 3 Dietary fats in human diet? Milk and dairy products have unique fatty acids
How can we modulate milk fat? Nutrition Genetics Artificial supplements Grassland management
Animal nutrition It is possible to modulate the lipid profile of dairy products? Yes, by ruminant nutrition Lipid sources Oils Oilseeds Tallow Ca salts Grasses Algae
31-10-2018 6 What is nutrigenomics? Effects of nutrition on gene expression
31/10/2018 7 Conceptual framework Adipose tissue Rumen Oils Animal nutrition Mammary gland New products? Milk fat Smart milk
RESEARCH APPROACH and EXPERIMENTS Public health Animal production Animal nutrition Supported by: National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research - Chile Experiment 1 Degree of saturation Saturated vs. unsaturated FA Palm oil vs. olive oil - unrefined Adipose tissue Mammary gland (ongoing) Rumen microbiome (ongoing) Experiment 2 (ongoing) Number and location of double bonds Polyunsaturated FA Soybean oil vs. fish oil Adipose tissue Mammary gland Rumen microbiome
Experiment 1 Objective To characterize the mrna expression in subcutaneous AT via RTqPCR of genes related to lipid metabolism: fatty acid (FA) synthesis and desaturation regulation of transcription lipid droplet formation triacylglycerol synthesis FA import into cells intracellular transport in dairy cows supplemented with: unsaturated - olive oil; OO saturated - hydrogenated palm oil; HPO
31-10-2018 10 Experiment 1 Background Olive Oil (Unsaturated) Olive oil plantations Co-exist with dairy farms in Central Chile Increase levels of unsaturated fatty acids in milk Hydrogenated Palm Oil (Saturated) Maintain or improve lactation performance Readily available for animal use in Chile
Materials and methods 15 Holstein cows 189±28 days in milk Three groups (n=5) Basal Diet (Control) Olive Oil (OO) H. Palm Oil (HPO) Forage:Concentrate 65:35 Crude Olive Oil 3% DM HVO 3% DM
Adipose tissue biopsies Adipose tissue was obtained from the tail-head area at the onset of the study and after 63 d of supplementation Gene expression
Ingredient and chemical composition of control, olive oil (OO), and hydrogenated palm oil (HPO) dietary treatments Ingredient composition (% DM) Diet Control OO HPO Fresh alfalfa 28.9 28.9 28.9 Corn silage 27.0 27.0 27.0 Malt distillers 23.1 23.1 23.1 Corn grain 8.3 8.3 8.3 Wheat bran 6.2 6.2 6.2 Alfalfa hay 2.6 2.6 2.6 Soybean grain 2.0 2.0 2.0 Rapeseed meal 1.5 1.5 1.5 Vitamin and mineral premix 0.4 0.4 0.4 Olive oil 0 3.0 0 Hydrogenated vegetable oil 0 0 3.0 Fatty acid composition (g 100g -1 of FA) C6:0 0.9 0.1 nd C10:0 0.8 0.1 nd C12:0 1.1 0.2 nd C14:0 3.7 0.2 0.3 C16:0 (palmitic acid) 23.7 12 39.2 C18 :0 (stearic acid) 32.3 26.3 30.8 C18:1 cis-9 (oleic acid) 1.0 32.8 nd C18:2 cis-9, cis-12 26.3 19.0 20.0 C18:3 cis-6, cis-9, cis-12 0.5 0.2 0.4 C18:3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 9.7 9.1 9.3 International Dairy Journal (2018) 85: 8-15
Performance and proximate analysis of milk from cows fed control, olive oil (OO), and hydrogenated palm oil (HPO) dietary treatments Diet P-value Control OO HPO SEM Diet Time Production Dry matter intake (kg DM day -1 ) 26.5 26.5 26.5 * * * Milk yield, kg day -1 31.1 b 34.9 a 31.8 b 3.13 0.04 <0.001 Fat, kg day -1 1.02 a 0.88 b 1.04 a 0.12 0.05 0.57 Protein, kg day -1 1.05 0.97 1.08 0.25 0.58 0.48 Milk composition, g 100g -1 Fat 3.28 a 2.83 b 3.28 a 0.31 0.04 0.94 Protein 3.39 3.16 3.41 0.36 0.29 <0.001 Somatic cell count, 10 3 ml -1 358 a 145 c 254 b 82.0 0.02 0.61 Body weight, kg 662 636 700 79.0 0.23 0.07 Body condition score 2.97 2.77 2.98 0.33 0.34 0.04 SEM, standard error of the mean. BCS, scored on a five-point scale where 1 = emaciated to 5 = overly fat. Means in the same row with different superscript letters are significantly different (diet P < 0.05). Cows were individually fed at a fixed rate and did not show feed refusal. International Dairy Journal (2018) 85: 8-15
31-10-2018 15 Milk and cheese fatty acid profiles Milk Olive oil: Polyunsaturated FA Saturated FA Vaccenic and rumenic acids Cheese Olive oil Saturated FA Monounsaturated FA Vaccenic and rumenic acids Sensorial analysis from cheese: Attributes related to appearance, odour, flavour and texture were adversely affected by OO and HVO International Dairy Journal (2018) 85: 8-15
Adipose tissue: gene networks After 63 d Bloodstream Acetate VLDL FATP (FA uptake) LPL LCFA ACSS2 (FA activation) ACSL1 FABP3/4 (FA transport) Adipocyte ACACA FASN (De novo synthesis) Lipid Droplet LPIN1 DGAT1/2 (Triglyceride synthesis) ADFP SCD (FA desaturation) PPARGC1A SREBF1 THRSP INSIG1 SCAP (Transcription factors)
Conclusion Unsaturated lipid sources (OLIVE OIL) had stronger lipogenic effects in bovine AT than saturated sources (HYDROGENATED PALM OIL) in long-term supplementation This study provides further knowledge on fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue Data can be used to develop new strategies for a better nutritional management in dairy cows Maybe a new dairy product could be obtained
Milk somatic cells (mammary gland) Milk samples 0 (onset of the experiment), 21, 42 and 63 3 h post morning milking 50 ml per quater Centrifugation Milk pellet Somatic cells RNA extraction Gene expression Synthesis and desaturation of FA
Rumen microbiome Days 0 (onset of the experiment), 21, 42 and 63 Collection via rumen fluid scoop 15 ml ph, VFA, NH3-N and FA profile DNA extraction Archea Bacteria Yeast Protozoos
Research collaborators Jaime Romero INTA-Universidad de Chile Philip C. Garnsworthy The University of Nottingham Juan J. Loor University of Illinois, USA Massimo Bionaz Oregon State University, USA Sokratis Stergiadis University of Reading Sharon Huws Queens University Belfast, UK
Einar s Lab Today Improve milk quality by nutritional means Improve sustainably and efficiency of dairy production systems By obtaining high quality dairy products with added value (bioactive compounds) Mid-term Omics Nutrition, physiology, production, genes or enzymes Product quality components (fatty acids and caseins) Rumen microbiome Long-term Lead a strong research group on Smart Cow Nutrition Collaborate with different disciplines beyond those from To promote a systematic analysis of dairy production animal sciences and agriculture and exchange ideas with other research institutions, universities and industry
Spørgsmål??? EINAR VARGAS BELLO PEREZ Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences evargasb@sund.ku.dk