Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Acetyl CoA oxidation of in postpartum period, 287 Acidifying feeds in transition dairy cow management, 374 Adipose tissues derivatives of, 307 308 insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by, 304 310 NEFAs and BHB in, 388 389 Age as factor in transition dairy cow management, 372 373 Alkaloid(s) endophyte in transition cow management, 355 356 Amino acids in glucose supply, 301 in transition cow management, 349 351 B BHB. See b-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) Body condition management of in decreasing metabolic disorders, 291 292 Body condition score infectious diseases and, 330 331 in metabolic disease prevention in dairy cows, 323 336 accuracy of, 325 assessment and management of, 323 336 health related to, 328 331 introduction, 323 324 periparturient metabolic diseases and, 328 331 in transition cow management, 331 332 Bone in energy metabolism in transition dairy cow management, 373 374 C Calcium oral supplementation of Vet Clin Food Anim 29 (2013) 457 467 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0720(13)00046-7 vetfood.theclinics.com 0749-0720/13/$ see front matter ª 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
458 Calcium (continued) in peripartum dairy cows, 447 455 introduction, 447 subcutaneous treatment, 451 452 timing relative to calving, 454 types of, 449 451 in transition dairy cow management, 370 371 vitamin D and in transition dairy cow management, 374 Calcium binding zeolites and in transition dairy cow management, 374 375 Calcium drenches in transition dairy cow management, 375 Calving metabolic change around nature of, 339 341 Clinical milk fever oral calcium supplements for, 452 454 subclinical hypocalcemia vs., 447 449 D Dairy cows. See also Transition dairy cow(s) condition of assessment of, 324 325 glucose metabolism in, 299 303. See also Glucose metabolism, in dairy cows insulin resistance in, 299 322. See also Insulin resistance, in dairy cows lactating ketosis treatments in, 433 445. See also Ketosis treatments, in lactating dairy cows metabolic diseases in prevention of body condition score in, 323 336. See also Body condition score, in metabolic disease prevention in dairy cows peripartum oral calcium supplements in, 447 455. See also Calcium, oral supplementation of, in peripartum dairy cows transition. See Transition dairy cow(s) Dairy herds metabolic health in assessment of, 413 431 composite indices of inflammation in, 414 427 introduction, 413 414 laboratory procedures in, 417 424 minimizing extraneous sources of variation in blood analyte concentrations in, 415 417 DCAD. See Dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) Dextrose in lactating dairy cows, 437 Diabetes mellitus insulin secretion and, 303 304
459 Diet formulation and grouping strategy in decreasing metabolic disorders, 292 294 Dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) in transition dairy cow management, 368 370 DMI. See Dry matter intake (DMI) Dry matter intake (DMI) depression of metabolic diseases related to, 280 281 reduced in transition cow management, 341 342 E Endophyte alkaloids in transition cow management, 355 356 Energy metabolism of in transition dairy cow management bone in, 373 374 in transition dairy cow management, 337 366 F Fat(s) in transition cow management, 351 352 Fatty acids in transition cows inflammation altered by, 272 273 Fatty liver body condition score and, 329 Feed intake depressed metabolic diseases related to, 280 281 metabolic control of, 279 297 introduction, 279 280 ketosis treatments in relation to, 289 291 in postpartum period, 285 289 oxidation of acetyl CoA, 287 oxidation of NEFA in liver, 285 286 propionate and lipolytic state interaction, 288 289 supply of TCA intermediates, 287 TCA activity and control of OXPHOS, 287 288 regulation types, 281 282 signal from hepatic oxidation of fuels, 282 284 energy charge in liver, 283 fuels oxidized in liver, 283 propionate effects, 284 strategies in, 291 294 diet formulation and grouping strategy, 292 294 managing body condition, 291 292 stress reduction, 292
460 Fresh cows metabolic disease of metabolic control of feed intake effects on, 279 297. See also Feed intake, metabolic control of Fuel(s) hepatic oxidation of signal from, 282 284 G Genetic(s) effects on insulin effects on glucose metabolism, 308 Glucocorticoid(s) in lactating dairy cows, 437 438 Glucose metabolism in dairy cows, 299 303 glucose supply, 300 301 insulin effects on genetic influences on, 308 quantitative aspects of, 310 Glucose removal mechanisms of, 301 303 Glucose uptake mechanisms of, 301 310 Glycerol in glucose supply, 301 Glycogen in glucose supply, 301 H Health body condition score and, 328 331 metabolic in dairy herds assessment of, 413 431. See also Dairy herds, metabolic health in, assessment of HEC test. See Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HEC) test Hepatic Oxidation Theory (HOT), 282 283 HOT. See Hepatic Oxidation Theory (HOT) b-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) physiology of, 388 390 during transition period, 387 412 diagnostic test accuracy, 390 395 incidence vs. prevalence testing, 394 395 ketone bodies, 392 394 likelihood ratios and predictive values, 391 392 sensitivity and specificity, 390 391 introduction, 388 Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HEC) test in measuring insulin resistance, 312 313
461 Hypocalcemia subclinical oral calcium supplements for, 452 454 vs. clinical milk fever, 447 449 I Infectious diseases body condition score and, 330 331 Inflammation in transition cows fatty acids altering, 272 273 impact on metabolism, 275 276 metabolic stress and, 271 272 oxidative stress and, 273 275 Inflammatory response in transition cows, 270 271 Insulin effects on glucose metabolism genetic influences on, 308 in lactating dairy cows, 438 439 Insulin resistance in dairy cows, 299 322 effects in specific tissues, 304 310 glucose removal, 301 303 glucose uptake mechanisms, 301 303 measurement of, 311 316 considerations in, 311 312 HEC test in, 312 313 IVGTT in, 313 314 IVITT in, 314 surrogate indexes in, 314 315 defined, 303 as homeorhetic mechanism during pregnancy and lactation, 306 Insulin secretion diabetes mellitus and, 303 304 Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, 304 310 general aspects of, 305 306 derivatives of adipose tissue, 307 308 genetic influences on effects of insulin on glucose metabolism, 308 glucose output from liver, 309 insulin resistance as homeorhetic mechanism during pregnancy and lactation, 306 NEFAs release from adipose tissue, 308 309 protein metabolism of skeletal muscle, liver, and other peripheral tissues, 309 310 Intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) in measuring insulin resistance, 313 314 Intravenous insulin tolerance test (IVITT) in measuring insulin resistance, 314
462 IVGTT. See Intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) IVITT. See Intravenous insulin tolerance test (IVITT) K Ketosis body condition score and, 330 in lactating dairy cows early lactation physiology of, 434 Ketosis treatments in lactating dairy cows, 433 445 background of, 435 classification of, 433 434 combination therapies, 442 443 dextrose, 437 glucocorticoids, 437 438 insulin, 438 439 introduction, 433 materials and methods, 435 propylene glycol, 440 442 review of results of, 435 437 systemic, 435 437 vitamin B 12 /phosphorus combination product, 439 440 in relation to metabolic control of feed intake, 289 291 L Lactate in glucose supply, 301 Lipid(s) mobilization of impact on liver function in transition cow management, 342 343 Lipid metabolism physiology of, 325 328 homeostatic and homeorhetic mechanisms in, 325 326 lipogenesis in, 326 327 lipolysis in, 327 328 NEFA metabolism in, 328 Lipogenesis in lipid metabolism, 326 327 Lipolysis in lipid metabolism, 327 328 Lipolytic state propionate and in postpartum period, 288 289 Liver BHB in, 389 390 energy charge in, 283
463 fatty body condition score and, 329 fuels oxidized in, 283 lipid mobilization effects on in transition cow management, 342 343 NEFAs in, 389 390 oxidation of in postpartum period, 285 286 M Magnesium in transition dairy cow management, 371 372 Mammary gland NEFAs and BHB in, 390 Metabolic changes calving-related nature of, 339 341 Metabolic disease(s) in dairy cows prevention of body condition score in, 323 336. See also Body condition score, in metabolic disease prevention in dairy cows depressed feed intake and, 280 281 periparturient body condition score and, 329 330 Metabolic health in dairy herds assessment of, 413 431. See also Dairy herds, metabolic health in, assessment of Metabolic stress in transition cows, 268 270 inflammation related to, 271 272 Metabolism micromineral in transition dairy cow management, 375 377 in transition cows inflammation effects on, 275 276 Methyl donors in transition cow management, 353 354 Micromineral metabolism in transition dairy cow management, 375 377 Milk fever body condition score and, 329 330 clinical oral calcium supplements for, 452 454 vs. subclinical hypocalcemia, 447 449 control of in transition dairy cow management, 368 Mycotoxin(s) in transition cow management, 355 356
464 N NEB. See Negative energy balance (NEB) NEFAs. See Nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) Negative energy balance (NEB) excessive negative downstream outcomes and cow-level association of, 395 398 diseases and culling, 395 397 reproduction and milk production, 397 398 herd-level association of, 398 408 evaluating individual animal tests at herd level, 401 403 herd alarm levels, 398 399 sample frequency, 406 408 sample size for herd-based test, 399 401 sources of error in herd testing, 403 406 Nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) metabolism of, 328 oxidation in liver in postpartum period, 285 286 physiology of, 388 390 during transition period, 387 412 diagnostic test accuracy, 390 395 incidence vs. prevalence testing, 394 395 ketone bodies, 392 394 likelihood ratios and predictive values, 391 392 sensitivity and specificity, 390 391 introduction, 388 recommendations, 408 409 Nutrient(s) fetal demand for, 341 O Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) control of TCA activity and in postpartum period, 287 288 Oxidative stress in transition cows inflammation related to, 273 275 OXPHOS. See Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) P Peripartum period lipolytic state of cows in, 280 oral calcium supplements in dairy cows during, 447 455. See also Calcium, oral supplementation of, in peripartum dairy cows Periparturient metabolic diseases body condition score and, 329 330
465 Phosphorus in transition dairy cow management, 372 Postpartum period control of feed intake in, 285 289. See also Feed intake, metabolic control of, in postpartum period Propionate effects on feed intake, 284 in glucose supply, 300 lipolytic state interaction and in postpartum period, 288 289 Propylene glycol in lactating dairy cows, 440 442 Protein(s) in transition dairy cow management, 337 366, 372 373 R Rumen NEFAs and BHB in, 389 Rumen modifiers in transition cow management, 354 355 S Skeletal muscle insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by, 304 310 Somatotropin in transition cow management, 353 Stress metabolic in transition cows, 268 270 inflammation related to, 271 272 oxidative in transition cows inflammation related to, 273 275 Stress reduction in decreasing metabolic disorders, 292 T TCA. See Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) Toxin(s) in transition cow management, 355 356 Transition cow disorders factors affecting, 267 278 intervention strategies, 276 introduction, 267 268 Transition dairy cow(s) management of, 337 386 acidifying feeds in, 374 acidosis and, 344 345
466 Transition (continued) after calving, 374 age as factor in, 372 373 amino acids in, 349 351 body condition score in, 331 332 bone in energy metabolism in, 373 374 calcium drenches in, 375 calcium in, 370 371 with vitamin D, 374 changes to successful adaptation, 341 343 reduced DMI, 341 342 DCAD in, 368 370 endophyte alkaloids in, 355 356 energy intake in, 343 energy reserves in, 343 fats intake in, 351 352 integrated interventions in cohort study of, 377 introduction, 337 339, 367 368 lipid mobilization in liver effects of, 342 343 magnesium in, 371 372 methyl donors in, 353 354 micromineral metabolism in, 375 377 milk fever control in, 368 mycotoxins in, 355 356 optimum duration of exposure in, 372 phosphorus in, 372 protein in, 372 373 intake before calving, 346 349 protein reserves in, 345 346 recommendations, 356 rumen modifiers in, 354 355 somatotropin in, 353 toxins in, 355 356 troubleshooting/formulation in, 377 381 vitamin D and calcium in, 374 zeolites and calcium binding in, 374 375 physiologic adaptations of, 268 271 inflammatory response, 270 271 and metabolic stress link between, 271 276 metabolic stress, 268 270 and inflammatory response link between, 271 276 Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) activity control of OXPHOS and in postpartum period, 287 288 Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) intermediates supply of in postpartum period, 287
467 V Vitamin B 12 /phosphorus combination product in lactating dairy cows, 439 440 Vitamin D calcium and in transition dairy cow management, 374 Z Zeolite(s) calcium binding and in transition dairy cow management, 374 375