Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A ADHD. See Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) a-adrenergic blockers for PTSD, 798 b-adrenergic blockers for PTSD, 798 Adrenergic receptor gene in ADHD, 775 776 Aggression psychotropic medications for, 963 965 a 2 -Agonist(s) for ADHD, 949 Amphetamine(s) for ADHD, 944 947 for narcolepsy, 871 872 Amphetamine salts mixed for bipolar disorder, 920 AN. See Anorexia nervosa (AN) Anorexia nervosa (AN) diagnostic criteria for, 838 pharmacotherapy for, 832 840 antidepressants, 839 antipsychotics, 839 bisphosphonates, 840 investigational agents, 840 tranquilizers, 840 Anticonvulsant(s) for BED, 844 for bipolar disorder, 913, 921 Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome mood stabilizers and, 724 727 Antidepressant(s). See also specific drugs adverse effects of, 817 819 for AN, 839 for bipolar depression, 925 926 for BN, 840 842 for cataplexy, 872 for depression acute phase, 813 814 Child Adolesc Psychiatric Clin N Am 21 (2012) 975 992 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1056-4993(12)00105-8 childpsych.theclinics.com 1056-4993/12/$ see front matter ª 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
976 Antidepressant(s) (continued ) discontinuation syndrome associated with, 819 long-term effects of, 799 800 manic switching/activation syndrome associated with, 818 for narcolepsy, 872 safety of, 817 819 serotonin syndrome associated with, 819 side effects of cardiotoxicity, 714 717 management of, 714 720 somatic, 718 720 suicidality, 717 718, 818 tricyclic for depression, 817 Antihistamines for insomnia, 863 Antipsychotics. See also specific agents for AN, 839 for bipolar disorder, 914 916 for EOS monitoring of, 901 902 for psychotic disorders, manic disorders, and ASDs efficacy and adverse effects of polymorphisms effects on, 779 second-generation for bipolar disorder, 921 922 long-term evidence of, 929 930 side effects of management of, 720 724 movement disorders, 721 722 Anxiety psychotropic medications for, 965 966 bipolar disorder with medications for, 927 described, 789 790 drug metabolism in, 777 pharmacogenomics for, 776 777 Anxiety disorders treatment of, 821 general principles of, 790 psychopharmacologic, 789 806. See also specific disorders and drugs adverse effects of, 798 800 clinical considerations related to, 798 800 future directions in, 800 801 Aripiprazole for AN, 834 for bipolar disorder, 914, 922 for EOS, 891 892 Armodafinil for narcolepsy, 872
Atomoxetine for ADHD, 947 949 for BED, 834 for bipolar disorder, 919 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 775 776, 941 955 bipolar disorder with medications for, 926 927 drug metabolism in, 776 medications for, 821, 867 868, 941 955 a 2 -agonists, 949 amphetamine, 944 947 atomoxetine, 947 949 comorbidity associated with, 950 described, 941, 943 empiric evidence for, 941 955 longitudinal course of treatment, 950 methylphenidate, 944 947 non FDA-approved, 949 950 stimulants, 919, 943 947 melatonin for, 867 868 pharmacogenomics for, 775 776 clinical results of, 776 psychotropic medications effects in studies related to, 755 758 behavior-related, 757 758 combination therapy, 758 fmri in, 756 fnirs in, 756 757 MRS in, 757 for prefrontal region, 757 structural MRI in, 755 756 Augmentation treatment of, 822 Autism psychotropic medications effects in studies related to, 758 Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), 758, 957 973 bipolar disorder with medications for, 927 928 described, 957 drug metabolism in, 778 779 medications for antipsychotics efficacy and adverse effects of polymorphisms effects on, 779 measuring change due to, 962 963 melatonin, 868 psychotropic, 958 959, 963 969. See also Psychotropic medications, for ASDs pharmacogenomics for, 777 779 problem behaviors associated with differential diagnosis of, 960 962 977
978 Autism (continued ) psychopathology in comorbid, 957 958 psychopharmacology of, 957 973 types of, 957 B Bariatric surgery for BED, 844 BED. See Binge-eating disorder (BED) Behavior(s) problem ASD associated differential diagnosis of, 960 962 Benzodiazepines for GAD, 794 for insomnia, 869 870 for parasomnias, 875 876 for SAD, 794 for social phobia, 794 Binge-eating disorder (BED) diagnostic criteria for, 838 pharmacotherapy for, 833 838, 843 844 Bipolar depression described, 924 medications for, 924 926 antidepressants, 925 926 lamotrigine, 924 925 lithium, 924 quetiapine, 925 Bipolar disorder at-risk youth for interventions for, 739 751 ethical issues in, 741 evidence-based, 743 747 future directions in, 747 748 in presence of comorbid conditions, 741 742 comorbid conditions with medications for, 926 928 ADHD, 926 927 anxiety, 927 ASDs, 927 928 substance use disorders, 927 depression with, 924 926. See also Bipolar depression described, 911 912 diagnostic criteria for, 912 future directions for, 930 931 medications for, 911 939 for acute manic and mixed episodes, 912 913, 921 922 anticonvulsants, 913, 921
979 antipsychotics, 914 916 combination therapy, 923 924 dosing and effectiveness of, 914 920 empiric evidence for, 912 922 future directions for, 930 931 lithium, 912 913 long-term evidence of, 928 930 mood stabilizers, 916 919 long-term evidence of, 928 929 psychotropic, 758 762. See also Bipolar disorder, psychotropic medications effects in SGAs, 921 922 long-term evidence of, 929 930 vs. mood stabilizers, 922 923 overview of, 739 741, 911 912 psychotropic medications effects in studies related to, 758 762 differential neural effects, 760 fmri in, 759 760 lithium treatment, 761 medication outcomes, 762 MRS in, 760 761 multimodal neuroimaging, 760 prefrontal neurometabolite concentrations, 761 762 recurrence of, 912 Bisphosphonates for AN, 840 BN. See Bulimia nervosa (BN) Breathing sleep-disordered, 873 Brief psychosocial intervention in depression assessment, 809 810 Bulimia nervosa (BN) diagnostic criteria for, 838 pharmacotherapy for, 840 843 antidepressants, 840 842 investigational agents, 842 843 light therapy, 842 843 naloxone, 842 naltrexone, 842 topiramate, 842 Bupropion for depression, 816 for obesity, 834, 846 Buspirone for GAD, SAD, and social phobia, 794 C Carbamazepine for bipolar disorder, 916 917, 921
980 Cataplexy medications for antidepressants, 872 CATIE. See Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) Childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) medications for, 885 909. See also Early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) Chloral hydrate for insomnia, 866 867 Citalopram for BED, 834 for depression, 812 Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE), 892 893 Clomipramine for OCD, 796 Clonazepam for parasomnias, 876 Clonidine for insomnia, 868 869 Clozapine for EOS, 889 890 Communication social deficits in psychotropic medications for, 968 969 COS. See Childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) Cyproheptadine for AN, 834 D Depression, 807 829 assessment of, 808 810 brief psychosocial intervention, 809 810 initial, 808 ongoing, 808 809 bipolar medications for, 924 926. See also Bipolar depression complex cases of treatment of, 819 822 brief adjunctive medication in, 819 820 comorbid conditions related, 820 822 described, 808 medications for, 810 824 acute treatment, 810 814 SSRIs in, 810 814 antidepressants adverse effects of, 817 819 safety of, 817 819 continuation treatment, 822 824 maintenance treatment, 822 824
981 refractory depression, 814 817 MAOIs, 817 non-ssris, 814 816 SSRIs, 814 TCAs, 817 refractory medications for, 814 Depressive disorders, 807 829. See also Depression drug metabolism in, 777 pharmacogenomics for, 776 777 psychotropic medications effects in studies related to, 762 types of, 808 Diethylpropion for obesity, 834, 846 Diphenhydramine for insomnia, 863, 864, 866 Discontinuation syndrome antidepressants and, 819 Divalproex for bipolar disorder, 913 Dopamine receptor gene in ADHD, 775 Dopamine transporter gene in ADHD, 775 Duloxetine for BED, 835 for depression, 816 DVPX for bipolar disorder, 917 E Early-onset psychosis. See also Early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) medications for empirical evidence for, 888 889 overview of, 886 887 Early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) long-term course of, 893 medications for, 885 909 aripiprazole, 891 892 clinical trials of, 894 900 clozapine, 889 890 empirical evidence for, 888 889 FGAs, 889 future directions in, 902 monitoring of, 901 902 olanzapine, 890 paliperidone, 892 quetiapine, 891 risperidone, 890 891
982 Early-onset (continued) SGAs, 889 892 TEOSS study, 892 893 ziprasidone, 891 overview of, 886 887 workup of, 887 888 Eating disorders. See also Anorexia nervosa (AN); Binge-eating disorder (BED); Bulimia nervosa (BN); Obesity comorbid conditions associated with, 846 851 diagnosis and treatment of, 847 complications of psychopharmacologic treatment of, 847 medication-related, 847 850 mortality associated with, 832 pharmacokinetics of, 850 851 psychopharmacologic treatment of, 831 859 surgical management of pharmacokinetics related to, 850 851 EOS. See Early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) Epilepsy parasomnias vs., 875 Escitalopram for BED, 835 Eszopiclone for insomnia, 869 870 Ethical issues in interventions for youth at high risk for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, 741 Exenatide for obesity, 835 F Fear described, 789 790 FGAs. See First-generation agents (FGAs) First-generation agents (FGAs) for EOS, 889 Fluoxetine for BED, 835 for BN, 835 for depression, 810 812 Fluvoxamine for depression, 813 fmri. See Functional MRI (fmri) fnirs. See Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fnirs) Functional MRI (fmri) in ADHD, 756 in bipolar disorder, 759 760 Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fnirs) in ADHD, 756 757
983 G Gabapentin for RLS, 874 GAD. See Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) medications for, 790 794 H Hyperactivity-impulsivity psychotropic medications for, 966 967 Hyperarousal psychotropic medications for, 968 969 Hypertensive agents for insomnia, 868 870 Hypnotics for insomnia, 866 868 off-label use, 870 I Inattention psychotropic medications for, 966 967 Insomnia, 863 870 medications for, 863 870 antihistamines, 863 benzodiazepines, 869 870 chloral hydrate, 866 867 clonidine, 868 869 diphenhydramine, 863, 864, 866 hypertensives, 868 870 hypnotics, 866 868 off-label use, 870 melatonin, 867 868 neuroleptics off-label use, 870 ramelteon, 868 stimulants and, 727 729 Irritability psychotropic medications for, 963 965 K Kidney(s) mood stabilizers effects on, 727
984 L Lamotrigine for bipolar depression, 924 925 for bipolar disorder, 913, 917 Levodopa for RLS, 873 874 Liraglutide for obesity, 835 Lithium for bipolar depression, 924 for bipolar disorder, 912 913, 918 neural effects of studies related to, 761 Lorcaserin for obesity, 835 M Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) structural in ADHD, 755 756 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in ADHD, 757 in bipolar disorder, 760 761 Major depressive disorder (MDD) with psychotic features treatment of, 821 Manic disorders antipsychotics for efficacy and adverse effects of polymorphisms effects on, 779 drug metabolism in, 778 779 pharmacogenomics for, 777 779 Manic switching/activation syndrome antidepressants and, 818 MAOIs. See Monoamine oxide inhibitors (MAOIs) Melatonin for insomnia, 867 868 Metabolic syndrome antipsychotics and side effects of, 722 724 Metformin for obesity, 835, 845 Methylphenidate for ADHD, 944 947 for bipolar disorder, 919 Mirtazapine for depression, 816 Mixed amphetamine salts for bipolar disorder, 920
985 Modafinil for narcolepsy, 872 Monoamine oxide inhibitors (MAOIs) for depression, 817 Mood stabilizers for bipolar disorder, 916 919 long-term evidence of, 928 929 vs. SGAs, 922 923 side effects of anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome, 724 727 management of, 724 727 renal toxicity, 727 suicidality, 724 Movement disorders antipsychotics and side effects of, 721 722 MRS. See Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) MTA. See Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA) Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA), 943 944 N Naloxone for BN, 842 Naltrexone for BN, 836, 842 Narcolepsy, 870 872 described, 870 871 medications for amphetamines, 871 872 antidepressants, 872 sodium oxybate, 871 Neurodevelopmental disorders melatonin for, 868 Neuroimaging multimodal in bipolar disorder, 760 Neuroleptics for insomnia off-label use, 870 Nocturnal seizures parasomnias vs., 875 O Obesity. See also Eating disorders comorbid conditions associated with, 846 851 mortality associated with, 832 prevalence of, 831 832 psychopharmacologic treatment of, 844 859 in adults, 846
986 Obesity (continued) described, 844 845 diethylpropion, 846 medications in development, 846, 848 849 metformin, 845 orlistat, 845 phendimetrazine, 846 phentermine, 846 topiramate, 845 surgical management of pharmacokinetics related to, 850 851 Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) psychotropic medications for, 965 966 medications for, 795 797 psychotropic effects of, 762 763 Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), 873 OCD. See Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) Olanzapine for AN, 836 for bipolar disorder, 914, 921 for EOS, 890 Ondansetron for BN, 836 Orlistat for obesity, 836, 845 OSA. See Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) Oxcarbazepine for bipolar disorder, 918, 921 P Paliperidone for EOS, 892 Panic disorder medications for, 794 795 Parasomnias, 874 876 described, 874 875 epilepsy vs., 875 medications for, 875 876 nocturnal seizures vs., 875 Parental expectations as factor in sleep disorders in youth, 862 Paroxetine for depression, 812 813 PATS. See Preschool ADHD Treatment Study (PATS) Phendimetrazine for obesity, 836, 846 Phentermine for obesity, 836, 846
Phentermine-topiramate for obesity, 836 Phobia(s) social medications for, 790 794 Physical growth stimulants and, 729 730 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) pharmacologic management of, 797 798 Pramipexole for RLS, 874 Pramlintide for obesity, 837 Prefrontal neurometabolite concentrations in bipolar disorder studies related to, 761 762 Preschool ADHD Treatment Study (PATS), 943 944 Psychiatric pharmacogenomics overview of, 773 775 in pediatric psychopharmacology, 773 788. See also specific disorders ADHD, 775 776 anxiety, 776 777 ASDs, 777 779 cost and availability of, 780 depression, 776 777 future directions in, 780 781 indications for, 780 781 manic disorders, 777 779 psychotic disorders, 777 779 Psychopathology prevalence of, 753 Psychopharmacologic agents for anxiety disorders, 789 806. See also specific disorders and drugs and Anxiety disorders, treatment of, psychopharmacologic Psychopharmacology pediatric psychiatric pharmacogenomics in, 773 788 Psychosis(es) early-onset, 885 909. See also Childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS); Early-onset psychosis; Early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) Psychotic disorders. See also specific types antipsychotics for efficacy and adverse effects of polymorphisms effects on, 779 drug metabolism in, 778 779 pharmacogenomics for, 777 779 Psychotropic medications. See also specific drugs appropriate and judicious use of, 703 711 patient assessment in, 703 706 multiple informants, 706 nonspecific symptoms, 704 705 987
988 Psychotropic (continued) ordering medical work-up and consulting colleagues, 706 presentation-related, 703 704 rating scales, 705 understanding development, 704 treatment plan development in, 706 711 adverse effects discussion, 708 709 biosocial formulation, 707 evidence-based medication selection, 709 facilitating earlier psychiatric consultation, 710 711 feasibility issues, 707 708 limiting total number of medications, 709 710 maintaining gains made, 710 monitoring efficacy and adverse effects, 710 pre-existing medication regimen review, 709 pretreatment baseline, 708 psychosocial interventions, 707 target identification, 706 707 titrating doses, 710 treatment goal identification, 708 for ASDs, 958 959, 963 969 evidence base for, 963 969 aggression, 963 965 anxiety, 965 966 hyperactivity-impulsivity, 966 967 hyperarousal, 968 969 inattention, 966 967 irritability, 963 965 OCD, 965 966 repetitive behavior/stereotypy, 967 968 self-injury, 968 self-regulation deficits, 968 969 sleep disturbance, 968 social communication deficits, 968 969 neural effects of, 753 771. See also specific disorders, e.g., Attention deficit with hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) overview of, 753 754 studies related to, 753 771. See also specific disorders, e.g., Bipolar disorder autism, 758 bipolar disorder, 758 762 depressive disorders, 762 methods, 754 OCD, 762 763 results, 755 764 schizophrenia, 763 764 side effects of management of, 713 738 antidepressants, 714 720 antipsychotics, 720 724 described, 714 mood stabilizers, 724 727
989 stimulants, 727 730 neural, 753 771. See also Psychotropic medications, neural effects of PTSD. See also Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Q Quetiapine for AN, 837 for bipolar depression, 925 for bipolar disorder, 915, 921 922 for EOS, 891 R Ramelteon for insomnia, 868 Repetitive behavior/stereotypy psychotropic medications for, 967 968 Restless legs syndrome (RLS), 873 874 Risperidone, 890 891 for bipolar disorder, 915, 921 for PTSD, 798 RLS. See Restless legs syndrome (RLS) Ropinirole for RLS, 874 Rotigotine for RLS, 874 S SAD. See Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) Schizophrenia at-risk youth for interventions for, 739 751 ethical issues in, 741 evidence-based, 743 747 future directions in, 747 748 in presence of comorbid conditions, 741 742 childhood-onset, 885 909 early-onset, 885 909. See also Early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) overview of, 739 741 psychotropic medications effects in studies related to, 763 764 Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) for bipolar disorder, 921 922 long-term evidence of, 929 930 vs. mood stabilizers, 922 923 for EOS, 889 892 Seizure(s) nocturnal parasomnias vs., 875
990 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) adverse effects of, 798 799 for BED, 843 for depression, 810 814 acute phase, 810 814 refractory, 814 for GAD, 792 793 for OCD, 796 797 for PTSD, 797 798 for SAD, 792 793 for social phobia, 792 793 Self-injury psychotropic medications for, 968 Self-regulation deficits in psychotropic medications for, 968 969 Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) medications for, 790 794 Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for GAD, SAD, and social phobia, 793 794 Serotonin syndrome antidepressants and, 819 Sertraline for BED, 837 for BN, 837 for depression, 812 SGAs. See Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) Sibutramine for BED, 843 Sleep apnea obstructive, 873 Sleep development in youth, 861 862 Sleep-disordered breathing, 873 Sleep disorders, 861 883. See also specific types and Sleep medications psychotropic medications for, 968 insomnia, 863 870 narcolepsy, 870 872 off-label medications for, 862 OSA, 873 overview of, 861 parasomnias, 874 876 parental expectations and, 862 RLS, 873 874 sleep-disordered breathing, 873 Sleep medications dosage, 863 general principles of, 861 863
991 off-label, 862 reactions to, 862 863 special considerations, 862 Sleep pharmacology, 861 883. See also Sleep disorders; Sleep medications Social communication deficits in psychotropic medications for, 968 969 Social phobia medications for, 790 794 Sodium oxybate for insomnia, 871 SSRIs. See Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Stimulants for ADHD, 919, 943 947 MTA on, 943 944 PATS on, 943 944 side effects of cardiotoxicity, 729 insomnia, 727 729 management of, 727 730 physical growth, 729 730 Structural MRI in ADHD, 755 756 Substance use disorders bipolar disorder with medications for, 927 treatment of, 821 Suicidality antidepressants and, 717 718, 818 mood stabilizers and, 724 T TCAs. See Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) TEOSS study. See Treatment of Early Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (TEOSS) study Topiramate for BED, 837 for bipolar disorder, 919, 921 for BN, 837, 842 for obesity, 845 Tranquilizers for AN, 840 Treatment of Early Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (TEOSS) study, 892 893 Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) for depression, 817 V Venlafaxine for atypical AN, 837 for depression, 815 816
992 W Weight medication-related changes in, 847 850 Z Zaleplon for insomnia, 869 870 Ziprasidone for bipolar disorder, 916, 922 for EOS, 891 Zolpidem for insomnia, 869 870