1 Name the ester produced when methanol and pentanoic acid react methyl pentanoate 2 Name the type of reaction used to make an ester condensation reaction 3 Name the by-product of the reaction used to produce an ester water 4 Name the catalysts used in the reaction used to produce an ester concentrated (conc) sulfuric acid 5 Describe the purpose of the wet paper towel used when producing an ester condenser 6 Name the type of reaction used to break an ester hydrolysis
7 Name the products formed when butyl ethanoate is broken butanol and ethanoic acid 8 Name the functional group present in an alcohol hydroxyl 9 Name the function group present in a carboxylic acid carboxyl 10 Name the function group present in an ester ester link 11 Name the reactants used to make fats and oils glycerol and fatty acids 12 Write the systematic name of glycerol propan-1,2,3-triol
13 Name the type of reaction used to make fats and oils condensation 14 Describe what is meant by the terms saturated and unsaturated single bonds only (saturated), contains double bonds (unsaturated) 15 State the general formula of the alkanes and alkenes CnH2n+2 (alkanes), CnH2n (alkenes) 16 Explain why oils have a lower melting point when compared to fats oils are unsaturated and cannot tightly pack together resulting in weaker intermolecular forces 17 Name the type of reaction used to convert oils to fats hydrogenation 18 Name the type of molecules which make up a protein amino acids
19 Name the function groups present in an amino acid carboxyl group and amino group 20 Name the functional groups present in a protein amide/ peptide link 21 Describe what is meant by an essential amino acid an amino acid that must enter the body through diet 22 Name the type of reaction used to break a protein hydrolysis 23 Name the type of intermolecular forces present between protein chains hydrogen bonds 24 Name the process that occurs when proteins are cooked denaturing
25 Name the function group present in aldehydes and ketones carbonyl 26 State the general formula of the aldehydes and ketones CnH2nO 27 State the definition of an isomer two structures with the same chemical/molecular formula and different structural formula 28 Name three reagents that can be used to distinguish between and aldehyde and ketone Fehling s, Tollen s and acidified potassium dichromate 29 Name the type of product(s) formed when an aldehyde is oxidised carboxylic acid 30 Name the type of product(s) formed when a ketone is oxidised no product formed
31 Describe the relationship between the polarity of a molecule and its solubility like dissolves like 32 Describe the relationship between the type of intermolecular forces and melting point the stronger the intermolecular forces the higher the melting point 33 List the types of intermolecular forces in order of increasing strength London dispersion forces, permanent dipolepermanent dipole and hydrogen bonding 34 35 36 Describe the difference between a diol and triol 2 hydroxyl groups (diol), 3 hydroxyl groups (triol) Describe why triols have higher melting points than diols triols have three hydroxyl groups creating more opportunities for hydrogen bonding which increases the strength of the intermolecular forces requiring more energy to break down Describe the difference between a primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol hydroxyl group ( OH) is attached to a carbon atom bonded to at least two hydrogen atoms (primary), one hydrogen atom (secondary), no hydrogen atoms (tertiary)
37 Name three reagents that can be used to distinguish between different alcohols Fehling s, Tollen s and acidified potassium dichromate 38 Name the product(s) formed when primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols are oxidised aldehydes and carboxylic acids (primary), ketones (secondary), no products (tertiary) 39 Name the type of reaction used to produce soaps from fats and oils alkaline hydrolysis 40 41 42 Describe the structure and properties of soap ions in terms of polarity and solubility ionic polar head soluble in water, non-polar hydrocarbon tail insoluble in water Explain how soaps and detergents work during cleaning the hydrophilic head dissolves in water, the hydrophobic tail dissolves in oil/grease forming a ball-like structure (micelle) Describe a situation when detergents are more suitable for cleaning when compared to soaps when cleaning scum caused by hard water
43 State the definition of an emulsion small droplets of one liquid dispersed in another 44 Describe the function of an emulsifier the prevent an oil/water mixture from separating 45 Name two types of molecules that make suitable emulsifiers mono and di glycerides 46 Describe what is meant by an essential oil oils which contain concentrated aroma molecules in plants 47 Name the structure that forms terpene molecules isoprene molecules 48 Explain how free radicals are formed UV radiation breaks stable bonds
49 Explain what is meant by a free radical highly energy, unstable atoms or molecules with an unpaired (lone) electron 50 Explain the function of a free radical scavenger to prevent free radical chain reactions