Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Accidents, at work, effect of shift work disorder on, 263 264 Acetylcholine, in circadian rhythms, 100 105 Acrophase, definition of, 301 Actigraphy, as clinical tool for circadian disruption in psychiatric disorders, 274 275 caveats in, 275 definition of, 301 Actogram, definition of, 301 in irregular sleep wake rhythm disorder, 213 214 Advance-related sleep complaints, 219 227 Advanced sleep phase disorder, 219 227 definition, 310 definition of, 301 diagnosis and assessment, 220 222 epidemiology, 219 220 potential mechanisms, 222 223 familial, 222 223 treatments, 223 225 behavioral, 225 chronotherapy, 225 hypnotics, 225 light and darkness exposure, 224 longitudinal care, 225 oral melatonin, 224 225 phototherapy, 223 224 stimulants, 225 Agomelatine, 186 187 Alzheimer s disease, circadian rhythm and severity of, 151 152 irregular sleep wake rhythm disorder in, 213 patterns of rest-activity cycles in, 280 Anatomy, of circadian system, 129 132, 166 integration of circadian regulation, 130 132 suprachiasmatic nucleus, 129 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, in chronotherapy for cardiovascular disorders, 147 Animal models, physiologic and health consequences of circadian disruption, 127 142 anatomic organization, 129 132 behavioral phase shift and reversal, 132 circadian regulation and energy metabolism, 136 137 circadian synchronization, 127 128 clock genes, 132 135 Sleep Med Clin 4 (2009) 305 311 doi:10.1016/s1556-407x(09)00063-0 1556-407X/09/$ see front matter ª 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. effects of shift work desynchronization, 128 perspective and summary, 138 regulation of sleep-wake homeostasis, 135 136 research approaches, 128 129 Aspirin, in chronotherapy for cardiovascular disorders, 147 Asthma, circadian rhythm and severity of, 147 150 chronotherapy for, 149 150 day-night rhythm and, 147 148 versus behavioral influences on pulmonary function and severity of, 148 149 B Behavioral phase shift, in animal models of circadian desynchronization, 132 Behavioral strategies, for delayed sleep phase disorder, 235 236 Behavioral treatment, for advanced sleep phase disorder, 225 Beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists, in chronotherapy for cardiovascular disorders, 146 147 Bio-psycho-social-environmental model, of seasonal affective disorder, 285 299 Biological clock, definition of, 301 Biological timekeeping. See Circadian rhythms. Bipolar manic-depressive illness, patterns of rest-activity cycles in, 276 277 Blind patients, non-24 hour sleep-wake syndrome in, 195 211 Borderline personality disorder, patterns of rest-activity cycles in, 279 280 Bright-light therapy, morning, for delayed sleep phase disorder, 232 234 to minimize or avoid jet lag, 247 234 C Caffeine, as countermeasure for shift work sleep disorder, 265 Calcium channel blockers, in chronotherapy for cardiovascular disorders, 146 Cancer, circadian rhythm and severity of, 150 Cardiovascular disease, influence of circadian system on severity of, 143 147 sleep.theclinics.com
306 Cardiovascular (continued) adverse cardiovascular events, arrhythmias, and blood pressure, 143 145 chronotherapy for, 146 147 angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and cholesterol-lowering medication, 147 aspirin, 147 beta-adrenergic antagonists, 146 147 calcium channel blockers, 146 melatonin and hypertension, 147 nitrates, 147 night shift work and, 152 versus behavioral influences on risk markers, 145 146 Cholesterol-lowering drugs, in chronotherapy for cardiovascular disorders, 147 Chronobiology, definition of, 301 Chronotherapy, definition of, 301 for advanced sleep phase disorder, 225 for asthma, 149 150 for cardiovascular disorders, 146 147 angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and cholesterol-lowering medication, 147 aspirin, 147 beta-adrenergic antagonists, 146 147 calcium channel blockers, 146 melatonin and hypertension, 147 nitrates, 147 for delayed sleep phase disorder, 235 Circadian degrees, definition of, 301 Circadian period, definition of, 301 Circadian phase, definition of, 301 Circadian rhythm, animal models of physiologic and health consequences of disruption of, 127 142 anatomic organization, 129 132 behavioral phase shift and reversal, 132 circadian regulation and energy metabolism, 136 137 circadian synchronization, 127 128 clock genes, 132 135 effects of shift work desynchronization, 128 perspective and summary, 138 regulation of sleep-wake homeostasis, 135 136 research approaches, 128 129 biological timekeeping, 99 110 circadian clock, 100 102 circadian resetting, 102 105 genetics of, 105 106 definition of, 302 effect of light on human circadian system, 165 177 adaptation to prior light-dark exposure, 170 171 entrainment by light, 171 172 intensity-dependent response to light, 167 169 neuroanatomy of mammalian circadian system, 166 phase-dependent response to light, 166 167 response to intermittent bight light exposure, 169 170 wavelength sensitivity, 170 glossary of terminology, 301 304 influence on disease severity, 143 163 Alzheimer s disease, 151 152 asthma, 147 150 cancer, 150 cardiovascular disease, 143 147 effect of misalignment (night shift work) on health, 152 154 epilepsy, 150 151 gastroesophageal reflux disease, 151 melatonin and melatonin analogues role in, 179 193 endogenous melatonin, 179 180 exogenous melatonin, 180 184 future directions, 187 188 melatonin analogues, 184 187 regulation of sleep and cognitive performance by, 111 125 consolidation of cognitive performance, 114 115 consolidation of sleep-wake cycles, 112 114 sleep homeostasis and circadian rhythmicity, 115 117 timing of sleep and waking activities, 111 112 sleep disorders related to, 219 299 advance-related sleep complaints and advanced sleep phase disorder, 219 227 delayed sleep phase disorder, 229 239 irregular sleep-wake rhythm, 213 218 non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome, 195 211 psychiatric disorders and, 273 284 shift work disorder, 257 271 traveling without jet lag, 241 255 winter depression, 285 299 Circadian time, definition of, 302 Circannual, definition of, 302 Clock genes, circadian and homeostatic regulation of sleep and cognitive performance by, interindividual differences and role of, 117 122
307 definition of, 302 molecular basis of circadian rhythms, 132 135 core circadian clock machinery, 132 134 peripheral clocks and cell-autonomous oscillators, 134 135 Clock, circadian, 100 102 inputs, 100 101 outputs, 101 102 Clock-controlled genes, definition of, 302 Cognitive performance, circadian and homeostatic regulation of, 111 125 consolidation of, 114 115 D Dark therapy, for circadian rhythm sleep disorders in psychiatric illnesses, 281 Dawn, circadian clock regulation by, 103 104 Day, biological, definition of, 301 Daytime, circadian clock regulation by, 102 103 Delayed sleep phase disorder, 229 239 clinical diagnosis and assessment, 230 231 prevalence and etiology, 229 230 therapies for, 231 236 behavioral, 235 236 chronotherapy, 235 lifestyle considerations, 233 melatonin, 234 235 morning bright-light therapy, 232 234 Dementia, patterns of rest-activity cycles in Alzheimer s disease, 280 Depression, winter, or seasonal affective disorder, 285 299 historical perspectives, 286 290 phase-shift hypothesis for, applied to other disorders, 295 296 sleep disorders and circadian management, 290 Depression, major, patterns of rest-activity cycles in, 278 Desynchronization, behavioral phase shift in animal models of circadian, 132 Dim light melatonin offset, definition of, 302 Dim light melatonin onset, definition of, 302 in seasonal affective disorder, 286, 290, 292 295 Diurnal rhythm, definition of, 302 Double plot, definition of, 302 Dusk, circadian clock regulation by, 103 104 E Energy metabolism, circadian regulation and, 136 138 Entrainment, definition of, 302 importance of, in circadian disruption associated with psychiatric illnesses, 273 284 of human circadian system by light, 171 172 Epilepsy, circadian rhythm and severity of, 150 151 F Familial sleep disorders, advanced sleep phase disorder, 222 223 Flying, sleep disorders and. See Jet lag. Forced desynchrony, definition of, 303 Free-running protocol, definition of, 303 Free-running type. See Non-24 hour sleep-wake syndrome. G Gastroesophageal reflux disease, circadian rhythm and severity of, 151 Gastrointestinal disorders, night shift work and, 154 Genetics, of circadian rhythms, 105 106 Glossary, of circadian rhythm terminology, 301 304 H Health consequences, of circadian disruption, animal models of, 127 142 anatomic organization, 129 132 behavioral phase shift and reversal, 132 circadian regulation and energy metabolism, 136 137 circadian synchronization, 127 128 clock genes, 132 135 effects of shift work desynchronization, 128 perspective and summary, 138 regulation of sleep-wake homeostasis, 135 136 research approaches, 128 129 Homeostatic regulation, and circadian regulation of sleep and cognitive performance, 111 125 consolidation of cognitive performance, 114 115 consolidation of sleep-wake cycles, 112 114
308 Homeostatic (continued) of sleep and wakefulness, 257 Hypernychthemeral syndrome. See Non-24 hour sleep-wake syndrome. Hypertension, melatonin in chronotherapy for, 147 Hypnotics, for advanced sleep phase disorder, 225 I Infraradian, definition of, 303 Insomnia, in advanced sleep phase disorder, 219 222 in delayed sleep phase disorder, 229 231 Intensity-dependent response, of human circadian system to light, 167 169 Intermittent bight light exposure, response of human circadian system to, 169 170 Irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorder, 213 218 clinical features and diagnosis, 213 214 definition of, 303 epidemiology, 214 pathophysiology, 215 treatment, 215 216 light, 215 melatonin, 215 216 other approaches, 216 J Jet lag, 241 255 definition of, 303 duration of, 241 244 how to minimize or avoid, 247 252 light and melatonin response curves, 244 247 limited effect of drugs for, 252 symptoms, health, and safety consequences of, 241 when flying east, 241 244 K Korsakoff s psychosis, patterns of rest-activity cycles in, 280 L Lifestyle considerations, in treatment of delayed sleep phase disorder, 233 Light, dim light melatonin onset in seasonal affective disorder, 286, 290, 292 295 effect on human circadian physiology, 165 177 adaptation to prior light-dark exposure, 170 171 entrainment by light, 171 172 intensity-dependent response to light, 167 169 neuroanatomy of mammalian circadian system, 166 phase-dependent response to light, 166 167 response to intermittent bight light exposure, 169 170 wavelength sensitivity, 170 Light and darkness exposure, for advanced sleep phase disorder treatment, 223 224 Light phase response curve, in jet lag, 244 247 Light therapy, for circadian rhythm sleep disorders in psychiatric illnesses, 281 for irregular sleep wake rhythm disorder, 215 for non-24 hour sleep-wake syndrome, 206 207 Longitudinal care, for advanced sleep phase disorder, 225 Lux, definition of, 303 M Manic-depressive illness, bipolar, patterns of rest-activity cycles in, 276 277 Masking, definition of, 303 Medications, limited effects in treatment of jet lag, 244 247 Melanopsin, definition of, 303 Melatonin, definition of, 303 dim light melatonin onset in seasonal affective disorder, 286, 290, 292 295 for circadian rhythm sleep disorders in psychiatric illnesses, 281 for delayed sleep phase disorder, 234 235 for irregular sleep wake rhythm disorder, 215 216 for non-24 hour sleep-wake syndrome, 207 208 in chronotherapy for hypertension, 147 oral, for advanced sleep phase disorder treatment, 224 225 role in treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders, 179 193 endogenous melatonin, 179 180 exogenous melatonin, 180 184 hypothermic and neurobehavioral effects, 183 184 phase-shifting effects, 180 181 sleep-promoting effects, 181 183 future directions, 187 188 melatonin analogues, 184 187 angiomelatine, 186 187 PD-6735, 187 ramelteon, 184 186 tasimelteon, 187 Melatonin phase response curve, in jet lag, 244 247 Mesor, definition of, 303 Metabolic disorders, night shift work and, 153 154
309 Morning bright-light therapy, for delayed sleep phase disorder, 232 234 N Neurobiology, of circadian rhythms, 100 105 Neurodegenerative diseases, irregular sleep wake rhythm disorder in, 213 Night shift work, effect of circadian misalignment on health, 152 154 cancer, 153 154 cardiovascular disorders, 152 gastrointestinal and reproductive disorders, 154 metabolic disorders, 153 shift work disorder, 257 271 circadian and homeostatic regulation of sleep and wakefulness, 257 countermeasures, 264 265 definition of, 304 performance and accidents at work, 263 264 physiologic sleepiness, 259 260 sleep and shift work, 258 259 special cases, 264 subjective sleepiness, 260 263 Night, biological, definition of, 301 Nighttime, circadian clock regulation by, 104 105 Nitrates, in chronotherapy for cardiovascular disorders, 147 Non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome, in blind and sighted patients, 195 211 biologic basis and pathogenesis, 204 206 circadian rhythm features, 202 204 clinical characteristics, 196 201 in blind patients, 197 201 in sighted patients, 196 197 psychiatric features, 204 sleep features, 201 202 treatment strategies, 206 208 Non-entrained type. See Non-24 hour sleep-wake syndrome. P Pathogenesis, of non-24 hour sleep-wake syndrome, 204 206 PD-6735, 187 Period length, in delayed sleep phase disorder, 229 231 PERIOD3 (PER3) gene, role in circadian and homeostatic regulation of sleep and cognition, 118 122 See also Clock genes. Pharmacologic treatments, for psychiatric disorders, effect on circadian rest-activity cycles, 275 280 patterns in specific psychiatric disorders, 276 280 Phase advance, definition of, 303 Phase angle, definition of, 303 Phase angle difference, in seasonal affective disorder, 290 296 Phase delay, definition of, 304 Phase response curve, definition of, 304 light and melatonin, in jet lag, 244 247 Phase shift, definition of, 304 to prevent or minimize jet lag, 247 252 Phase tolerance, definition of, 304 Phase-dependent response, of human circadian system to light, 166 167 Phase-shift hypothesis, in seasonal affective disorder, 290 296 applied to other disorders, 295 296 Photic, definition of, 304 Phototherapy, for advanced sleep phase disorder, 223 224 Physiology, circadian rhythms and, links with disease, 128 129 effect of light on human circadian system, 165 177 adaptation to prior light-dark exposure, 170 171 entrainment by light, 171 172 intensity-dependent response to light, 167 169 neuroanatomy of mammalian circadian system, 166 phase-dependent response to light, 166 167 response to intermittent bight light exposure, 169 170 wavelength sensitivity, 170 Process C, definition of, 304 Process S, definition of, 304 Psychiatric disorders, circadian disruption and, 273 284 actigraphy as clinical tool, 274 275 caveats, 275 importance of entrainment in, 282 patterns of rest-activity cycles, 276 280 Alzheimer s disease, 280 bipolar manic-depressive illness, 276 277 borderline personality disorder, 279 280 Korsakoff s psychosis, 280 schizophrenia, 277 279 pharmacologic treatments, drug abuse, and circadian rest-activity cycles, 275 276 zeitgebers as therapy, 280 281 dark therapy, 281 light therapy, 281
310 Psychiatric (continued) melatonin, 281 Psychiatric features, in non-24 hour sleep-wake syndrome, in blind patients, 294 in sighted patients, 197 R Ramelteon, 184 185 Reproductive disorders, night shift work and, 154 Retinal hypothalamic tract, definition of, 304 S Schizophrenia, patterns of rest-activity cycles in, 277 279 Seasonal affective disorder, 285 299 historical perspectives, 286 290 phase-shift hypothesis for, applied to other disorders, 295 296 sleep disorders and circadian management, 290 Shift work, effects of circadian desynchronization on health, 128 sleep loss and fatigue in, 257 271 Shift work disorder, 257 271 circadian and homeostatic regulation of sleep and wakefulness, 257 countermeasures, 264 265 definition of, 304 performance and accidents at work, 263 264 physiologic sleepiness, 259 260 sleep and shift work, 258 259 special cases, 264 subjective sleepiness, 260 263 Sleep, circadian rhythms and, 99 304 biological timekeeping, 99 110 circadian clock, 100 102 circadian resetting, 102 105 genetics of, 105 106 circadian and homeostatic regulation of, 111 125 consolidation of cognitive performance, 114 115 consolidation of sleep-wake cycles, 112 114 effect of light on, 165 177 glossary of terminology, 301 304 influence on disease severity, 143 163 melatonin and melatonin analogues role in, 179 193 physiologic and health consequences of disruption of, 127 142 sleep disorders related to, 219 299 advance-related sleep complaints and advanced sleep phase disorder, 219 227 delayed sleep phase disorder, 229 239 irregular sleep wake rhythm, 213 218 non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome, 195 211 psychiatric disorders and, 273 284 shift work disorder, 257 271 traveling without jet lag, 241 255 winter depression, 285 299 Sleep-wake cycles, consolidation through opposing circadian and homeostatic rhythms, 112 114 genetic models of circadian regulation of, 135 136 Sleepiness, in shift work, physiologic, 259 260 subjective, 260 263 Stimulants, for advanced sleep phase disorder, 225 Suprachiasmatic nucleus, 129 anatomic integration of circadian regulation, 130 132 as master circadian pacemaker, 129 entrainment in light-dark cycles, 129 in circadian rhythm, 100 106 role in irregular sleep wake rhythm disorder, 213, 215 Synchronization, circadian, as factor in health and disease, 127 128 T Tasimelteon, 187 Travel, sleep disorders due to. See Jet lag. Treatment, of circadian rhythm sleep disorders, advanced sleep phase disorder, 223 225 behavioral, 225 chronotherapy, 225 hypnotics, 225 light and darkness exposure, 224 longitudinal care, 225 oral melatonin, 224 225 phototherapy, 223 224 stimulants, 225 delayed sleep phase disorder, 231 236 behavioral, 235 236 chronotherapy, 235 lifestyle considerations, 233 melatonin, 234 235 morning bright-light therapy, 232 234 in psychiatric disorders, zeitgebers as therapy, 280 281 dark therapy, 281
311 U light therapy, 281 melatonin, 281 Irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorder, 215 216 light, 215 melatonin, 215 216 other approaches, 216 jet lag, minimizing or preventing, 247 252 non-24 hour sleep-wake syndrome, 206 208 light therapy, 206 207 melatonin, 207 208 shift work sleep disorder, countermeasures for, 264 265 Ultraradian, definition of, 304 W Wakefulness, circadian and homeostatic regulation of sleep and, 257 Watt, definition of, 304 Wavelength sensitivity, of human circadian system, 170 Winter depression, 285 299 historical perspectives, 286 290 phase-shift hypothesis for, applied to other disorders, 295 296 sleep disorders and circadian management, 290 Work performance, effect of shift work disorder on, 263 264 Z Zeitgebers, as therapy for sleep disorders associated with psychiatric illness, 280 282 dark therapy, 281 light therapy, 281 melatonin, 281 definition of, 304