Seafood Safety and Nutritional Facts Amund Maage, Head of Research, Contaminants & Biohazards Professor, food chemistry
Main aim To be the most important research institute within fish nutrition, seafood safety, and health effects of eating seafood, both nationally and internationally Role in society Supply credible and neutral research based knowledge for use by government, consumers and industry Have an open and active communication of our research and expertise Contribute to higher education within nutrition Scientifically independent
Organization of the food area Minister of health and care services Minister of agriculture and food Minister of fisheries Risk asessment
Surveillance: farmed fish and wild catches Regulated by EU (Directive 96/23) Funded and sampled by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority Motivated by EU s upper limit. Norge is responsible not to export seafood exceeding the limits Funded by the government and by the industry Analysed by NIFES Analysed by NIFES
Seafood database 1994- www.nifes.no/seafooddata Sampling by the Institute of Marine Research (IMR) 30+ species, 4500 individual samples collected Spot checks Frequency of monitoring depending on species
Baseline - status 6 W 5 W 4 W 3 W 2 W 1 W 0 E 1 E 2 E 3 E 4 E 5 E 6 E 7 E 8 E 9 E 10 E 11 E 12 E 13 E 14 E 15 E 16 E 17 E 18 E 19 E 20 E 21 E 22 E 23 E 24 E 25 E 26 E 27 E 28 E 29 E 30 E 31 E 32 E 33 E 34 E 35 E 36 E 37 E 38 E 39 E 40 E 41 E 42 E Following species: Herring: Greenland halibut: 76 N 75 N 74 N 73 N 72 N 71 N 70 N 69 N Cod: 68 N 67 N 66 N 65 N Mackerel: Saithe: 64 N 63 N 62 N 61 N 60 N 59 N 58 N 57 N
New species where surveillance has started: Tusk Haddock Ling Red-fish Halibut
Baseline study of Norwegian spring spawning herring (NSS herring) Largest fish stock 13 mill. tons in 2009 1 mill. ton captured Fillet samples 800 individual herring from 29 positions in the Norwegian Sea Analysed for Heavy metals and other elements Dioxins and dl-pcbs Norwegian Sea PCB 7 PBDEs
Low levels of contaminants in NSS herring X 800 Heavy metals in fillet (mg/kg ww) Average Min Max EU limit Norwegian Sea Lead 0.013 <0.01 0.10 0.3 Cadmium 0.010 <0.003 0.052 0.05 Mercury 0.039 <0.01 0.40 0.5 POPs in fillet (ng TE/kg ww or µ g/kg ww) Average Min Max EU limit Dioxins+ dl-pcb 0.63 0.21 2.9 6.5 PCB 6 4.3 1.2 21 75 PBDE 7 0.47 0.091 3.1 -
Mackerel X 850 North Sea Age and weight Average Min Max Age (year) 4.3 0 15 Length (cm) 33.4 18 44 Prø vetakingsmåned mars april juni august september oktober november Weight (g) 352 35 774 Fat content (g/100 g) 21.5 1.2 41 Heavy metals in fillet (mg/kg ww) Median/ Average Min Max EU limit Lead <0.02 <0.02-0.3 Cadmium 0.016 <0.004 0.16 0.05 Mercury 0.04 <0.01 0.36 0.5
Low levels of POPs in Mackerel X 800-850 Dioxins+ dl-pcb POPs in fillet (ng TE/kg ww or µ g/kg ww) Average Min Max EU limit 0.87 0.12 9.7 6.5 PCB 6 6.1 0.53 77 75 Prø vetakingsmåned mars april juni august september oktober november Norwegian Sea PBDE 7 1.4 0.10 4.6 - Generally low levels of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs North Sea
Undesirables in som pelagic species: Dioxin and dioxinlike PCB ng TEQ/kg Mercury, mg/kg Brominated flameretardants µ g/kg DDT, µ g/kg Kolmule Blue whiting Lodde Capelin Ø yepål Norway pout Tobis Sand eel Polartorsk Polar cod Hestmakrell Horse mackerel n.a. = not analysed 0,6 0,04 0,5 2,9 0,5 0,01 0,1 5 n.a. 0,02 1,1 2,0 n.a 0,01 1,2 2,5 0,3 0,01 0,04 n.a 1,1 0,18 4 7
Monitoring Base line studies: Follow up on baseline studies Spot samples
Surveillance program - fish feed Microbiology Heavy metals PCBs Pesticides (DDT, endosulphane toxaphene etc) Dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs Polybrominated flame retardants (BFR) Synthetical antioxidants Mycotoxins Selected vitamins and trace elements + + + Increased sampling the last years Check levels against EUs maximum limits Few samples exceed the maximum limits
Food legislation Food of animal origin EU s directive 96/23 (prohibited substances and undesirable substances) Fruit and vegetables: Regulations EC 396/2005 (pesticides) and EC 333/2007 (heavy metals) Persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals, medical residues, pesticides, etc Norway as all EEA countries
Surveillance of farmed fish Undesirable substances in farmed fish Report: www.nifes.no The Norwegian Food safety authority
ng TEQ/kg 1.6 Dioxin and dioxin-like PCB in farmed salmon 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
TEQ ng/kg 8 Dioxin and dioxinlike PCBs in oily fish Dioksin and dioksinliknende PCB and data other fra 2006-2011 food 7 EU s upper limit 6,5 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Mackerel NSS herring North sea herring Farmed Atlantic salmon Wild Atlantic salmon Farmed trout Cod Eggs Dairy products Meat Nifes.no and Perelló et al, 2012
Pesticides Endosulfan EU s upper limit: Meat: 0,1 Tomato: 0,5 Salmon: no limit 0.06 Endosulfan, mg/kg 0,05 EU s upper limit (apples) 0.04 0.02 0 Apples Carrots Eggs Oranges Tomatoes Rice Salmon EFSA Journal 2013; 11(3):3130, pp 153 and 567 www.nifes.no/sjomatdata
Coctail effect: sum of the seafood Seafood safety = Prerequisite Nutrients Health effects + + = 7? Increased + + Intake = 2?? + + =?
Nutrients in seafood Omega-3 Vitamin D Iodine Protein More Vitamin A Vitamin B12 Selenium Foto: NIFES
What is known about seafood and human health? Established knowledge: Protect against development of heart disease Less established knowledge: Mental illness, brain development, behaviour, depression, diabetes? Uncertain: Cancer, obesity, osteoporosis etc?
g per 100 g Marine omega-3 in seafood 8 7 EPA and DHA in 100 g 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 EFSA 2010
European and Asian herring and mackerel
New data herring & mackerell Total fat and EPA+DHA
Vitamin D Dietary recommendation 10 µ g/day Prevention of : Cancer Multiple sclerosis Obesity Diabetes type II Vitamin D Improve: Learning Mental health Bone and teeth
µ g per 100 g fillet (wet weight) Fish as a dietary source of vitamin D 30 25 Vitamin D in 100 g 20 15 10 Recommended Reccommended daily intake daily intake 10 µg 5 0 nifes.no
Herring is a particularly good vitamin D source Norwegian herring Pacific herring North-Atlantic mackerel Japanese mackerel (n=196) (n=109) (n=345) (n=103)
Depresjon Post 3 partum måneder epression etter fø dselen Survey among pregnant women outside Bergen Highest depression score among the mothers with lowest omega-3 index Marine omega-3 index during pregnancy (Markhus et al PlosOne 2013)
Fatty fish improved vitamin D status better sleep! Decreased actual wake time Improved sleep efficiency Improved daily functioning 32 Hansen et al, J Clin Sleep Med 2014 May;10(5):567-75
FINS (Fish intervention studies) Two main topics: Obesity/metabolic syndrom Learning, cognitive function Mainly funded by:
Cross-section studies Obesity og type 2 diabetes «High energy» food Pommes frites Red meat Processed meat Sugar Soft drinks Vegetables Beans and peas Fruit Full grain cereals Fish and other seafood
Most studied single component: Omega-3 fatty acids Omega-3 fatty acids may protect against obesity Many welldesigned rodent studies Few human studies
? + Marine omega-3 Vitamin D Proteins Selenium Iodine Dioxins PCB DDT HBCD Cd Hg Pb Nutrients and undesirables
Report from WHO/FAO (2011) emphasize the net neurodevelopmental benefits to offspring of fish consumption by women of childbearing age, particularly pregnant women and nursing mothers, and the neurodevelopmental risks of not consuming fish to offspring of such women; Agree
In contrast to the cited conclusion of 2006, VKM concludes in this report that there is no reason for specific dietary limitations on fatty fish consumption for pregnant women.
Conclusion: + Marine omega 3 Vitamin D Selenium Iodine Dioxins Lead PCB DDT FAO/WHO 2011 Sweeden 2007 USA 2006 Norway 2006/2014 EFSA 2005 UK 2004 Denmark 2003 Eat more seafood, including farmed species and wild catches
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