AOGS ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE Use of vaginal estrogen in Danish women: a nationwide cross-sectional study AMANI MEAIDI 1,, IRINA GOUKASIAN & OEJVIND LIDEGAARD 1 1 Department of Gynecology, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, and Furesoe Gynecological Clinic, Vaerloese, Key words Estrogen therapy, female urogenital disease, genitourinary syndrome of menopause, hormone therapy, local estrogen therapy Correspondence Amani Meaidi, Department of Gynecology 3, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen,. E-mail: amani-meaidi@live.dk Conflicts of interest The authors have stated explicitly that there are no conflicts of interest in connection with this study. Please cite this article as: Meaidi A, Goukasian I, Lidegaard O. Use of vaginal estrogen in Danish women: a nationwide cross-sectional study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1; 95:. Received: 19 July 15 Accepted: 3 November 15 DOI:.1111/aogs.33 Abstract Introduction. We know little about the use of vaginal estrogen in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. We aimed to assess the prevalence of vaginal estrogen use in. Material and methods. The study was designed as a nationwide cross-sectional study of all Danish women aged 79 years, living in during the period 7 13. The Danish Prescription Register delivered data permitting us to assess the prevalence, age and regional geographical belonging of women purchasing prescribed vaginal estradiol. The number of women using over-the-counter vaginal estriol products was estimated from sale statistics from the same register. Results. In 13,.% of all Danish women between and 79 years of age used vaginal estradiol. The prevalence of women using this type of vaginal estrogen increased from.5% in year 7 to.% in 13. The use peaked at 1.5% in women aged 7 years. The vaginal tablet was purchased more than the vaginal ring. We found no relevant difference in use between the five regions of. Taking the sale of vaginal estriol into account, the prevalence of vaginal estrogen use in 13 could be estimated to a total of.1%. Conclusions. Comparing our result to the prevalence of urogenital atrophy-related symptoms reported in the literature, our study suggests an under-diagnosis and undertreatment of this condition. Teaching women and primary-care physicians about symptomatic urogenital atrophy and its treatment options may increase the quality of life for many women. Abbreviations: ATC, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical; DDD, Defined Daily Dose. Introduction The decreased level of estrogen in postmenopausal women leads to urogenital atrophy (1). The atrophy may cause symptoms such as vulvo-vaginal dryness, itching and burning, dyspareunia, recurrent urinary tract infections, and urinary incontinence ( 5). Going untreated, symptomatic urogenital atrophy may lead to sexual dysfunction and overall lowered quality of life (, ). Though current knowledge shows vaginal estrogen to be an effective and safe treatment of urogenital atrophy (11 13), studies suggest that many symptomatic women are left untreated (,3). The increasing life expectancy for women around the world and the thereby increasing prevalence of symptomatic urogenital atrophy makes it Key Message The study shows the prevalence of vaginal estrogen use among perimenopausal and postmenopausal Danish women. Comparing our results to studies reporting the prevalence of symptoms related to urogenital atrophy, this study suggests a large underdiagnosis and under-treatment of the condition.
A. Meaidi et al. Vaginal estrogen important to be aware of diagnosis and treatment of the condition. In, a large majority of women using vaginal estrogen obtain a prescription for this treatment (). Therefore, most of the Danish women using vaginal estrogen are registered in the Danish Prescription Register, providing an opportunity to assess the use of vaginal estrogen in according to age and residence. The aim of this nationwide cross-sectional study was to assess the prevalence of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women using vaginal estrogen. Material and methods We included women between and 79 years of age living in during the period 7 13. The age and geographical region of each woman in the study population were extracted from the National database StatBank (http://www.statistikbanken.dk; -- 15). During the period 7 13, options for vaginal estrogen included vaginal estradiol tablets/ring and vaginal estriol cream/suppositories. The purchase of vaginal estradiol needs a doctor s prescription. Therefore, women using vaginal estradiol are registered by social security number in the Danish Prescription Register (medstat.dk; --15). Vaginal estriol, on the other hand, is bought over the counter. Women using vaginal estriol are therefore not registered anywhere. However, information about the amount of both sold vaginal estradiol and vaginal estriol is available in the Danish Prescription Register. Sold vaginal estrogen is calculated in Defined Daily Dose (DDD) units. By searching for the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) code (G3CA3) and the product names of vaginal estradiol preparations in the Danish Prescription Register, we were able to assess the number of women in our study population using vaginal estradiol as well as the amount of sold vaginal estradiol in DDD units. We were also able to assess the age and geographical region of these women. In the prevalence assessment, women were categorized as users if they had at least one prescription of estradiol. In the comparison of the popularity of each preparation type, several prescriptions in the same woman were all included. By searching for the ATC code for vaginal estriol (G3CA) and the product names of these preparations, we were only able to assess the number of DDD units sold, not the number of women using this type of vaginal estrogen. However, by knowing the number of women using vaginal estradiol and the corresponding number of DDD units, we were able to estimate the yearly number of DDD units of vaginal estrogen used per woman. By dividing the number of sold DDD units of vaginal estriol with the estimated yearly dose used per woman, we were able to estimate the number of women using vaginal estriol. The study was approved by the local Ethics Research Committee of the Capital region of (H--13-5). Statistical analysis All statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Kolmogorov s test and Levene s test were used to show a nonparametric nature of data. The correlation of Spearman s rho, r s, was used in the analysis of the data. All p-values are two-sided. Some data are presented as mean standard deviation. Results Of the 1 339 9 women between the ages of and 79 years living in in 13,.% used vaginal estradiol. The prevalence of women using this type of vaginal estrogen increased significantly throughout the study period (p<.1) (Figure 1). The prevalence of women using vaginal estradiol was highest among women in the age group 7 years (Figure ). During 7 13, the prevalence of usage of this type of vaginal estrogen increased significantly for the age groups > years (p <.1) but decreased slightly although significantly for women in the age group 9 years (p <.1). Vaginal estradiol tablets were more popular than the vaginal estradiol ring. Of all the vaginal estradiol purchased, tablets constituted 9..%, and this proportion did not change with increasing age or over time. As shown in Figure 3, the use of vaginal estradiol was similar in the five regions of in the study period 7 13, although the Capital Region of had a slightly higher use than the other regions. The prevalence of women in vaginal estradiol therapy increased significantly in all regions during the study period (p <.1 in each region). In the year 13, the volume of vaginal estrogen sold was 11 9 DDD units estradiol and 9 DDD units estriol (Figure ). Knowing that the 11 9 DDD units estradiol account for.% of the study population, the total prevalence of vaginal estrogen users in 13 can be estimated to be.1%. Discussion The prevalence of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women using vaginal estrogen in 13 was about.1%. The use of vaginal estradiol increased from.5% to 1
Vaginal estrogen A. Meaidi et al. 11 Frequency of women using vaginal estradiol (%) 9 7 9 11 13 Year Figure 1. This figure shows the siginificant increase in vaginal estradiol use among -79-year-old women in the Danish population in 7 13. 1 7 9 11 13 1 Frequency of women using vaginal estradiol (%) 5 9 5 5 55 59 5 9 7 7 75 79 Age (years) Figure. The figure outlines the use of vaginal estradiol according to the age of the women. Women between and 7 of age use the drug the most in all years investigated..% from 7 to 13, peaking at 1.5% in women aged 7 years, and with little variation between the regions in. Many studies have investigated the frequency of urogenital symptoms among women in perimenopause, menopause, and postmenopause. The studies have different study populations and outcome measures. This is reflected in the different frequencies of symptomatic urogenital atrophy reported by the studies. An online survey of women aged 55 5 years living in one of five countries found a prevalence of 39% of urogenital symptoms including vaginal dryness/ itching, dyspareunia, and urinary incontinence (). Another online survey study of only vulvovaginal symptoms in American women aged 5 9 years showed a prevalence of 5% (). A cross-sectional analysis based on 9 75 American women aged 5 79 years reports a prevalence of 1% of urogenital symptoms (15). Of all urogenital symptoms, Barnabei et al. only looked at vaginal dryness and genital irritation. They found a prevalence of % and %, respectively, in a population of 73 women aged 55 years (1). We found that only.1% of - to 79-year-old Danish women use vaginal estrogen, the highest prevalence being 1.5% in the age group 7 years. Comparing
A. Meaidi et al. Vaginal estrogen Frequency of vaginal estradiol use (%) 1 The Capital Region of Zealand 7 9 11 13 Central Geographical region Southern Northern Figure 3. A significant increase in the use of vaginal estradiol among women in all regions of. The prevalence of usage is slightly larger in the Capital Region of. our result with the prevalence of symptoms reported in the literature, our study seems to suggest an underdiagnosis and under-treatment of symptomatic urogenital atrophy. This is supported by Nappi and Kokot-Kierepa (), who demonstrated that 3% of symptomatic postmenopausal women never received treatment for their urogenital symptoms. In the VIVA study by Nappi and Kokot-Kierepa (3), 5 Danish postmenopausal women participated in an international survey of urogenital symptoms. The paper does not specify the prevalence of symptomatic urogenital atrophy specifically in the Danish participants, but the total prevalence among the 35 participating women was 5%. However, the study specifies that about 35% of the Danish women with urogenital symptoms did not seek help from a healthcare professional. Most of those who did went to their primary-care physician. Only 7% of those seeking help visited a gynecologist. Of the Danish DDD in mio. units 7 9 11 13 Year Vaginal estradiol and estriol Vaginal estradiol Vaginal estriol Figure. The volume of sold vaginal estrogen in in the years 7-13. The volume is counted in Defined Daily Dose and is shown for both the prescription-demanding vaginal estradiol as well as vaginal estriol, which can be bought over the counter. women, 51% claimed that their primary-care physician never raised the issue of postmenopausal vaginal health. Furthermore, 3% of the Danish women had negative associations with vaginal estrogen treatment, thinking that the treatment has the same risks of adverse effects as systemic hormone replacement therapy. These findings may explain the under-diagnosis and under-treatment suggested by our results. Believing that vaginal estrogen therapy has the same risks of adverse effects as systemic therapy can be a rational reason for not seeking treatment for symptomatic urogenital atrophy. Additionally, when most help is sought from primary-care physicians, where less awareness of the condition may be expected compared with more specialized parts of the healthcare system, under-diagnosis and under-treatment could easily happen. The increase in use of vaginal estrogen through the study period may be due to a combined effect of an increased awareness of the possible impact from vaginal estrogen on urogenital symptoms and a general wish to replace systemic hormone therapy with local treatment after concerns were raised by articles published about years ago (17 19), anticipating that local treatment has less impact on cancer risk than systemic treatment. Educating healthcare professionals and women about symptomatic urogenital atrophy would likely raise the prevalence of vaginal estrogen usage among postmenopausal women even more. Further research on the safety of vaginal estrogen is therefore needed to properly inform all people. Conclusion Many postmenopausal women seem to have untreated symptomatic urogenital atrophy. Educating women and 3
Vaginal estrogen A. Meaidi et al. primary-care physicians about urogenital atrophy could reduce the under-diagnosis and under-treatment of this condition and thereby enhance the quality of life of many women around the world. Funding This study was supported by the Danish Fund for Professional Development of Specialist Practice. References 1. MacBride MB, Rhodes DJ, Shuster LT. Vulvovaginal atrophy. Mayo Clin Proc. ;5:7 9.. Nappi RE, Kokot-Kierepa M. Women s voices in the menopause: results from an international survey on vaginal atrophy. Maturitas. ;7:33. 3. Nappi RE, Kokot-Kierepa M. Vaginal Health: Insights, Views and Attitudes (VIVA) results from an international survey. Climacteric. ;15:3.. Cardozo L, Lose G, McClish D, Versi E, de Koning Gans H. A systematic review of oestrogens for recurrent urinary tract infections: third report of the HUT committee. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1;:15. 5. Cody JD, Jacobs ML, Richardson K, Moehrer B, Hextall A. Oestrogen therapy for urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev ;: CD5.. Cumming GP, Herald J, Moncur R, Currie H, Lee AJ. Women s attitudes to hormone replacement therapy, alternative therapy and sexual health: a web-based survey. Menopause Int. 7;13:79 3. 7. Levine KB, Williams RE, Hartmann KE. Vulvovaginal atrophy is strongly associated with female sexual dysfunction among sexually active post-menopausal women. Menopause. ;15:1.. Simon JA, Komi J. Vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA) negatively impacts sexual function, psychosocial well-being, and partner relationships. Proceedings of the North American Menopause Society (NAMS); October 3, 7; Dallas, TX, USA. 9. Cumming GP, Currie HD, Moncur R, Lee AJ. Web-based survey on the effect of menopause on women s libido in a computer-literate population. Menopause Int. 9;15:.. Santoro N, Komi J. Prevalence and impact of vaginal symptoms among postmenopausal women. J Sex Med. 9;:133. 11. Krause M, Wheeler TL, Snyder TE, Richter HE. Local effects of vaginally administered estrogen therapy: a review. J Pelvic Med Surg. 9;15:5.. Simon J, Nachtigall L, Ulrich LG, Eugster-Hausmann M, Gut R. Endometrial safety of ultra-low-dose estradiol vaginal tablets. Obstet Gynecol. ;11:7 3. 13. Lyytinen H, Pukkala E, Ylikorkala O. Breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women using estrogen-only therapy. Obstet Gynecol. ;:135.. Statens Serum Institut, medstat.dk, --15. 15. Pastore LM, Carter RA, Hulka BS, Wells E. Self-reported urogenital symptoms in postmenopausal women: Women s Health Initiative. Maturitas. ;9:9 33. 1. Barnabei VM, Grady D, Stovall DW, Cauley JA, Lin F, Stuenkel CA, et al. Menopausal symptoms in older women and the effects of treatment with hormone therapy. Obstet Gynecol. ;:9 1. 17. Hulley S, Furberg C, Barrett-Connor E, Cauley J, Grady D, Haskell W, et al. Noncardiovascular disease outcomes during. years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/ progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA. ;:5. 1. Million Women Study collaborators. Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the million women study. Lancet. 3;3:19 7. 19. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. ;:31 33.