Figure 5-01
LE 5-2 Polímerto corto Monómero no unido La deshidratación elimina una Molécula de agua y forma un Enlace nuevo Polímero más largo Reacción de deshidratación en la síntesis de un polímero La hidrólisis agrega una Molécula de agua y rompe un enlace Hidrólisis de un polímero
LE 5-2a Polímero corto Monómero no unido La deshidratación elimina una Molécula de agua y forma un Enlace nuevo polímero más largo Reacción de deshidratación en la síntesis de un polímero
LE 5-2b La hidrólisis agrega una Molecula de agua y rompe un enlace Hidrólisis de un polímero
LE 5-3 Triose sugars (C 3 H 6 O 3 ) Pentose sugars (C 5 H 10 O 5 ) Hexose sugars (C 5 H 12 O 6 ) Glyceraldehyde Ribose Glucose Galactose Dihydroxyacetone Ribulose Fructose
LE 5-4 Forma lineal y anular Estructura anular abreviada
LE 5-4a Forma lineal Y anular
LE 5-4b Estructura anular abreviada
LE 5-5 Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose 1 4 glycosidic linkage Glucose Glucose Maltose Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose 1 2 glycosidic linkage Glucose Fructose Sucrose
LE 5-5a Enlace Glucosídico 1 4 Glucose Glucose Maltose Reacción de deshidratación en la síntesis de maltosa
LE 5-5b Enlace Glucosídico 1 2 Glucose Fructose Sucrose Reacción de deshidratación en la síntesis de sacarosa
LE 5-6 Chloroplast Starch Mitochondria Glycogen granules 0.5 µm 1 µm Amylose Amylopectin Glycogen Starch: a plant polysaccharide Glycogen: an animal polysaccharide
LE 5-6a Chloroplast Starch 1 µm Amylose Amylopectin Almidón: un polisacárido vegetal
LE 5-6b Mitochondria Glycogen granules 0.5 µm Glycogen Glucógeno: un polisacárido animal
LE 5-7 a Glucose b Glucose a and b glucose ring structures Starch: 1 4 linkage of a glucose monomers. Cellulose: 1 4 linkage of b glucose monomers.
LE 5-7a a Glucose b Glucose Estructuras anulares de a y b glucosa
LE 5-7b Almidón: unión 1-4 de monómeros de a glucosa
LE 5-7c Celulosa: unión 1-4 de monómeros de b glucosa.
LE 5-8 Paredes celulares Microfibrillas de celulosa En una pared celular vegetal Microfibril 0.5 µm Plant cells Moléculas De celulosa Monómeros de B glucosa
Figure 5-09
LE 5-10 La estructura del Monómero de quitina. La quitina forma el exoesqueleto de los artrópodosla quitina se utiliza para fabricar un hili quirúrgico Esta cigarra está mudando despojándose de su Fuerte y flexible que se descomponedespués de que Viejo exoesqueleto y emergiendo como forma La herida o incisión se cura adulta
LE 5-11 Fatty acid (palmitic acid) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fat Ester linkage Fat molecule (triacylglycerol)
LE 5-11a Ácido graso (ácido palmítico) Glycerol Reacción de deshidratación en la síntesis de una grasa
LE 5-11b Ester linkage Molécula de grasa (triacilglicerol)
LE 5-12 Stearic acid Saturated fat and fatty acid. Oleic acid Unsaturated fat and fatty acid. cis double bond causes bending
LE 5-12a Ácido esteárico Grasa saturada y ácido graso.
LE 5-12b Oleic acid Unsaturated fat and fatty acid. cis double bond causes bending
LE 5-13 Choline Phosphate Glycerol Fatty acids Cabeza hidófila Colas hidrófobas Fórmula estructural Modelo espacial Símbolo de fosfolípido
LE 5-13a Choline Phosphate Glycerol Fatty acids Structural formula Space-filling model
LE 5-13b Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tails Phospholipid symbol
LE 5-14 Hydrophilic head WATER Hydrophobic tails WATER
Figure 5-15
Table 5-1
LE 5-UN78 a carbon Amino group Carboxyl group
LE 5-16 Substrate (sucrose) Glucose Enzyme (sucrose) Fructose
LE 5-17a Glycine (Gly) Alanine (Ala) Valine (Val) Leucine (Leu) Isoleucine (Ile) Nonpolar Methionine (Met) Phenylalanine (Phe) Tryptophan (Trp) Proline (Pro)
LE 5-17b Polar Serine (Ser) Threonine (Thr) Cysteine (Cys) Tyrosine (Tyr) Asparagine (Asn) Glutamine (Gln)
LE 5-17c Acidic Basic Electrically charged Aspartic acid (Asp) Glutamic acid (Glu) Lysine (Lys) Arginine (Arg) Histidine (His)
LE 5-18 Peptide bond Cadenas laterales Peptide bond Columna vertebral Amino acid (N-terminus) Carboxyl end (C-terminus)
LE 5-19 Groove A ribbon model Groove A space-filling model
LE 5-19a Groove A ribbon model
LE 5-19b Groove A space-filling model
LE 5-20 + H 3 N Amino end Amino acid subunits b pleated sheet a helix
LE 5-20a Amino end Amino acid subunits Carboxyl end
LE 5-20b b pleated sheet Amino acid subunits a helix
LE 5-20c Abdominal glands of the spider secrete silk fibers that form the web. The spiral strands (capture strands) are elastic, stretching in response to wind, rain, and the touch of insects. The radiating strands, made of dry silk fibers, maintain the shape of the web. Spider silk: a structural protein Containing b pleated sheets
LE 5-20d Hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals interactions Polypeptide backbone Hydrogen bond Disulfide bridge Ionic bond
LE 5-20db Hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals interactions Polypeptide backbone Hydrogen bond Disulfide bridge Ionic bond
LE 5-20e Polypeptide chain b Chains Iron Heme Polypeptide chain Collagen a Chains Hemoglobin
LE 5-21a 10 µm 10 µm Red blood cell shape Normal cells are full of individual hemoglobin molecules, each carrying oxygen. Red blood cell shape Fibers of abnormal hemoglobin deform cell into sickle shape.
LE 5-21b Normal hemoglobin Sickle-cell hemoglobin Primary structure Val His Leu 1 2 3 Thr 4 Pro 5 Glu 6 Glu 7 Primary structure Val His Leu 1 2 3 Thr 4 Pro 5 Val 6 Glu 7 Secondary and tertiary structures b subunit Secondary and tertiary structures Exposed hydrophobic region b subunit Quaternary structure Normal hemoglobin (top view) a b a b Quaternary structure Sickle-cell hemoglobin a b b a Function Molecules do not associate with one another; each carries oxygen. Function Molecules interact with one another to crystallize into a fiber; capacity to carry oxygen is greatly reduced.
LE 5-22 Denaturation Normal protein Denatured protein Renaturation
LE 5-23a Cap Hollow cylinder Chaperonin (fully assembled)
LE 5-23b Polypeptide Correctly folded protein Steps of Chaperonin Action: An unfolded polypeptide enters the cylinder from one end. The cap attaches, causing the cylinder to change shape in such a way that it creates a hydrophilic environment for the folding of the polypeptide. The cap comes off, and the properly folded protein is released.
LE 5-24a X-ray source Photographic film Diffracted X-rays X-ray beam X-ray diffraction pattern Crystal
LE 5-24b Nucleic acid Protein X-ray diffraction pattern 3D computer model
LE 5-25 DNA Synthesis of mrna in the nucleus mrna NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM mrna Movement of mrna into cytoplasm via nuclear pore Ribosome Synthesis of protein Polypeptide Amino acids
LE 5-26a 5 end Nucleoside Nitrogenous base Phosphate group Pentose sugar Nucleotide 3 end Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid
LE 5-26b Nitrogenous bases Pyrimidines Cytosine C Thymine (in DNA) T Uracil (in RNA) U Purines Adenine A Guanine G Pentose sugars Deoxyribose (in DNA) Ribose (in RNA) Nucleoside components
LE 5-27 5 end 3 end Sugar-phosphate backbone Base pair (joined by hydrogen bonding) Old strands Nucleotide about to be added to a new strand 5 end New strands 3 end 5 end 5 end 3 end