Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Age as factor in selective mutism, 623 as factor in social phobia, 623 Agoraphobia, 593 600 described, 594 596 DSM-V changes related to, 596 597 panic disorder and, 594 600 Amitriptyline for anxiety in pediatric medical setting, 650 Amygdala attentional modulation of, 506 507 in PTSD neuroimaging of, 581 Antidepressant(s) tricyclic for anxiety in pediatric medical setting, 650 for SAD, 532 Anxiety age-appropriate vs. pathologic anxiety, 644 in children parental psychopathology and, 669 689. See also Parental psychopathology, child anxiety related to described, 457 458 parental as risk factor for anxiety disorders, 467 468 pathologic vs. age-appropriate anxiety, 644 in pediatric medical setting, 643 653 age-appropriate vs. pathologic, 644 assessment of, 647 648 FSSs, 647 physical disease and, 644 647 psychosomatic considerations, 646 647 somatopsychic considerations, 645 treatment of, 648 650 pharmacotherapy in, 649 650 psychotherapy in, 648 649 prevalence of variance in estimates of, 459 460 Child Adolesc Psychiatric Clin N Am 21 (2012) 691 702 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1056-4993(12)00064-8 childpsych.theclinics.com 1056-4993/12/$ see front matter 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
692 Index school-based treatment of, 655 668. See also School-based anxiety, treatment of treatment of FCBT in studies on, 674 681 Anxiety disorders. See also specific disorders awareness of, 480 CBT for, 541 553. See also Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), for anxiety disorders clinical practice in implications for, 470 471 correlates of, 467 470 described, 527 528 developmental epidemiology of, 457 478 diagnostic criteria for, 458 459 diagnostic status of stability of, 465 familiarity of, 482, 485, 487, 490 fear-based neuroimaging studies of, 507 513 described, 507 508 for GAD, 508 510 implications for research and clinical practice, 515 516 for OCD, 513 515 for SAD, 511 513 for social phobia, 510 511 frequently occurring, 461 463 genetics of, 479 500. See also Genetic(s), of pediatric anxiety disorders heterotypic continuity of, 466 mixed treatment of psychopharmacologic, 533 534 natural course of, 463 467 predictors of, 465 neural substrates of, 501 525 onset of, 463 outcome of, 463 467 prevalence of, 459 463, 501 502 cumulative, 461 psychopathological complications of development of, 466 467 remission of, 463 465 risk factors for, 467 470 demographics, 467 environmental, 469 470 familial aggregation, 467 468 parental anxiety and depression, 467 468 personality, 468 469 temperament, 468 469 stability of, 463 465 transmission mechanisms in, 468
Index 693 treatment of attentional retraining in, 548 549 implications for research, 470 471 psychopharmacologic, 527 539. See also specific disorders and drugs for GAD, 528 530 guidelines for, 534 535 implications for research and clinical practice, 535 536 for mixed anxiety disorders, 533 534 for panic disorder, 532 533 for SAD, 532 for social phobia, 530 532 in young children described, 607 608 PCIT for, 607 619. See also Parent child interaction therapy (PCIT), for anxiety disorders, in young children Association analysis in genetic identification in anxiety disorders, 480 Atomoxetine for mixed anxiety disorders, 534 Attentional retraining for anxiety disorders, 548 549 B Baltimore Child Anxiety Treatment Study in the Schools (BCATSS) in school-based anxiety management, 657, 660 661 BCATSS. See Baltimore Child Anxiety Treatment Study in the Schools (BCATSS) Behavior(s) disruptive parent child interaction therapy for, 609 610 Benzodiazepines for anxiety in pediatric medical setting, 650 for GAD, 529 530 for separation anxiety disorder, 532 Brain plasticity of PTSD and, 583 BTB domain containing 3 (BTBD3) gene, 484 485 Buspirone for GAD, 529 C CALM Program for anxiety disorders in young children, 613 615 Candidate gene studies of anxiety disorders, 490 491 of OCD, 483 484 of panic disorder, 486 of PTSD, 488 489 CBT. See Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
694 Index Child PTSD Interview, 579 Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS), 579 Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), 580 Child parent psychotherapy (CPP) for PTSD, 585 Children s PTSD Inventory (CPTSDI), 579 Citalopram for anxiety in pediatric medical setting, 650 for social phobia, 532 Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Children and Adolescents (CAPS-CA), 579 Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Trauma in Schools (CBITS) for PTSD, 584 in school-based anxiety management, 658, 661 663 Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety disorders, 541 553. See also specific disorders GAD, 545 547 methods overview of, 542 543 SAD, 544 social phobia, 548, 629 631 for selective mutism, 629 631 sertraline plus for mixed anxiety disorders, 534 COMT in genetic identification of panic disorder, 486 Contactin-associated protein-like 2 in anxiety disorders, 491 Cool Kids Program: School Version in school-based anxiety management, 656 660 Cortisol in PTSD, 580 D Demographics as risk factor for anxiety disorders, 467 Depression parental as risk factor for anxiety disorders, 467 468 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V) changes to panic attack, panic disorder, and agoraphobia, 596 597 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Revised (DSM-IV-TR) on selective mutism, 621 622 on social phobia, 621 622 Disruptive behaviors parent child interaction therapy for, 609 610 DSM-IV-TR. See Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Revised (DSM-IV-TR) DSM-V. See Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V)
Index 695 E Emotion(s) regulation of CBT for GAD in, 546 Environment as risk factor for anxiety disorders, 469 470 Epigenetics of PTSD, 489 Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for PTSD, 584 F Familial aggregation as risk factor for anxiety disorders, 467 468 Family-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (FCBT) for child anxiety studies on, 674 681 Fas apoptotic inhibitory molecule 2 (FAIM2) gene, 485 FCBT. See Family-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (FCBT) Fear circuitry of development of, 504 506 development of, 502 normative, 502 507 neurocircuitry in, 502 504 Fear-based anxiety disorders neuroimaging studies of, 507 513. See also specific disorders and Anxiety disorders, fear-based, neuroimaging studies of Fluoxetine for GAD, 528 529 for mixed anxiety disorders, 533 534 for social phobia, 530 Fluvoxamine for mixed anxiety disorders, 533 FSSs. See Functional somatic symptoms (FSSs) Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) for GAD, 508 509 for OCD, 514 515 Functional somatic symptoms (FSSs) anxiety and, 647 G GAD. See Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) Gene environment interactions in PTSD, 488 Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) CBT for, 545 547 emotion regulation, 546 imaginal exposures, 545 546 mindfulness, 546 547
696 Index clinical presentations of, 545 defined, 545 diagnosis of, 545 familiarity of, 490 genetics of, 490 491 candidate gene studies in, 490 491 genomewide association studies in, 491 linkage studies in, 490 implications for research, 545 546 neuroimaging studies of, 508 510 for at-risk children, 509 510 fmri, 508 509 psychopharmacologic treatment of, 528 530 Genetic(s) of pediatric anxiety disorders, 479 501. See also specific disorders, e.g., Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), genetics of association analysis in, 480 candidate gene studies in, 483 484, 486, 488 491 GAD, 490 491 genomewide association studies in, 484 485, 487, 489 491 genotyping advances in, 481 identifying risk genes in, 480 481 implications for clinical practice and research, 492 linkage analysis in, 480, 482 483, 485 487, 489 490 OCD, 481 485 panic disorder, 485 487 prevalence of, 482, 485, 487, 490 491 PTSD, 487 490 SAD, 490 491 social phobia, 490 491 specific phobia, 490 491 Genomewide association studies in anxiety disorders, 491 of OCD, 484 485 of panic disorder, 487 of PTSD, 489 490 H Hippocampus in PTSD neuroimaging of, 582 I Imaginal exposures CBT for GAD in, 545 546 Intergenerational Trauma Treatment Model (ITTM) for PTSD, 585 International OCD Foundation (IOCDF) Genetics Collaborative, 484 485
Index 697 L Linkage analysis in anxiety disorders, 490 described, 480 in OCD, 482 483 in panic disorder, 485 486 in PTSD, 489 490 M Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) functional for OCD, 514 515 for GAD fmri, 508 509 structural MRI, 509 structural for OCD, 515 Medical setting anxiety in, 643 653. See also Anxiety, in pediatric medical setting Mindfulness CBT for GAD in, 546 547 Mirtazapine for anxiety in pediatric medical setting, 650 Monoamine(s) in PTSD, 488 489 Multi-Modal Trauma Treatment (MMTT) Protocol for PTSD, 584 Mutism selective. See Selective mutism N Neural signaling systems in PTSD, 488 489 Neural substrates of childhood anxiety disorders, 501 525 Neuroimmunoendocrine systems in PTSD, 488 Neuropeptide S receptor gene in genetic identification of panic disorder, 486 Neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 2 in anxiety disorders, 491 NIMH Obsessive-Compulsive Genetic Association Study (OCGAS), 485 O Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) comorbidity of, 557 described, 555 556 familiarity of, 481 482
698 Index features of, 557 genetics of, 481 485 candidate gene studies in, 483 484 genomewide association studies in, 484 485 linkage studies in, 482 483 prevalence of, 482 transmission mode in, 482 neuroimaging studies of, 513 515 fmri, 514 515 phenomenology of, 556, 558 prevalence of, 481, 556 subtypes of, 482 tic disorders and clinical controversies, 566 implications for clinical practice, 564 565 implications for research, 565 phenomenologic overlap, distinctions, and comorbidity, 557, 563 564 treatment of, 558 559 OCD. See Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) P Panic attack DSM-V related to, 596 597 physiologic symptoms of, 595 Panic disorder, 593 600 agoraphobia and, 594 600 biological factors in, 596 described, 594 596 diagnostic criteria for, 594 DSM-V changes related to, 596 597 familiarity of, 485 genetics of, 485 487 candidate gene studies in, 486 genomewide association studies in, 486 487 linkage studies in, 485 486 prevalence of, 485 treatment of, 598 600 implications for research and clinical practice, 600 pharmacotherapy in, 599 600 psychopharmacologic, 532 533 psychosocial, 598 599 Parental psychopathology child anxiety related to, 467 468, 669 689 described, 669 670 implications for clinical practice, 684 685 implications for research, 682 684 literature on, 682 treatment outcomes, 670 671 in treatment-seeking families, 670
Index 699 treatment of effects on child anxiety, 671 assessment of top-down studies in, 671 674 Parent child interaction therapy (PCIT) for anxiety disorders in young children, 607 619 CALM Program, 613 615 described, 607 609 empirical support, 615 implications for research and clinical practice, 616 modification of, 610 SAD, 610 613 for disruptive behavior problems, 609 610 for PTSD, 585 Paroxetine for social phobia, 530 PCIT. See Parent child interaction therapy (PCIT) Personality as risk factor for anxiety disorders, 468 469 Phobia(s) social. See Social phobia specific. See Specific phobia Physical disease anxiety and, 644 647 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 573 591 assessment of, 578 580 behavioral studies in, 582 583 neurobiological studies in, 582 583 neuroimaging in, 580 582 single-event vs. multiple-event trauma, 577 578 brain plasticity and, 583 classification of, 574 limitations of, 578 cortisol in, 580 diagnostic criteria for proposed changes for, 575 576 familiarity of, 487 488 gene environment interactions in, 488 genetics of, 487 490 candidate gene studies in, 488 489 genomewide association studies in, 489 linkage studies in, 489 prevalence of, 487 488 neurobiology in, 580 583 treatment of implications for research and clinical practice, 586 psychotherapeutic interventions in, 583 585 PRACTICE in PTSD management, 583 585
700 Index Prefrontal cortex in PTSD neuroimaging of, 582 Psychopathology parental child anxiety related to, 467 468, 669 689. See also Parental psychopathology, child anxiety related to Psychosocial interventions for selective mutism, 629 632 for social phobia, 629 632 PTSD. See Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) S SAD. See Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) SASS. See Skills for Academic and Social Success (SASS) School-based anxiety treatment of, 655 668 advantages of, 656 BCATSS in, 657, 660 661 CBITS in, 658, 661 663 Cool Kids Program: School Version in, 656 660 implications for research and practice, 664 665 SASS in, 659, 663 664 School refusal, 600 604 described, 600 601 treatment of, 601 602 implications for research and clinical practice, 603 604 literature on, 602 603 Selective mutism age of onset of, 623 assessment of, 626 627 causes of, 625 626 comorbidity of, 624 625 course of, 623 624 DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for, 621 622 epidemiology of, 623 social phobia and, 621 641 treatment of, 627 633 CBT in group, 630 631 individual, 629 630 emerging therapies in, 631 632 implications for research and clinical practice, 633 pharmacotherapy in, 632 633 psychosocial, 629 632 social effectiveness therapy in, 630 SSRIs in, 632 633 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for anxiety in pediatric medical setting, 649 650 for selective mutism, 632 633 for social phobia, 632 633 Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) CBT for, 543 555
Index 701 clinical presentations of, 543 544 defined, 543 diagnosis of, 543 familiarity of, 490 genetics of, 490 491 candidate gene studies in, 490 491 genomewide association studies in, 491 linkage studies in, 490 implications for research, 544 545 neuroimaging studies of, 511 513 PCIT for modification of, 610 613 psychopharmacologic treatment of, 532 Serotonin transporter gene in anxiety disorders, 490 491 Sertraline for GAD, 528 plus CBT for mixed anxiety disorders, 534 for social phobia, 530, 532 Skills for Academic and Social Success (SASS) in school-based anxiety management, 659, 663 664 Social effectiveness therapy for selective mutism, 630 for social phobia, 630 Social phobia age of onset of, 623 assessment of, 626 627 causes of, 625 626 CBT for, 548 clinical presentations of, 548 comorbidity of, 624 625 course of, 623 624 defined, 547 548 diagnosis of, 547 548 DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for, 621 622 epidemiology of, 623 familiarity of, 490 genetics of, 490 491 candidate gene studies in, 490 491 genomewide association studies in, 491 linkage studies in, 490 implications for research, 548 neuroimaging studies of, 510 511 selective mutism and, 621 641 treatment of, 627 633 CBT in group, 630 631 individual, 629 emerging therapies in, 631 632 implications for research and clinical practice, 633 pharmacotherapy in, 632 633 psychopharmacologic, 530 532
702 Index psychosocial, 629 632 social effectiveness therapy in, 630 Specific phobia familiarity of, 490 genetics of, 490 491 candidate gene studies in, 490 491 genomewide association studies in, 491 linkage studies in, 490 SSRIs. See Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Stanford Cue-Centered Therapy (CCT) for PTSD, 585 Structural magnetic resonance imaging for GAD, 509 for OCD, 515 T Temperament as risk factor for anxiety disorders, 468 469 Tic disorders described, 555 556 OCD and clinical controversies, 566 implications for clinical practice, 564 565 implications for research, 565 phenomenologic overlap, distinctions, and comorbidity, 557, 563 564 phenomenology of, 560 561 prevalence of, 559 560 treatment of, 562 563 Tourette syndrome phenomenology of, 560 561 treatment of, 559 560, 562 563 Trauma single-event vs. multiple-event PTSD due to, 577 578 Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) for PTSD, 584 585 Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC), 579 580 Trauma systems therapy (TST) for PTSD, 585 Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) for anxiety in pediatric medical setting, 650 for SAD, 532 U UCLA PTSD Reaction Index for DSM-IV (PTSD-RI), 579 V Venlafaxine for GAD, 529 Venlafaxine ER for social phobia, 530