Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Implantation Policy Number: Original Effective Date: MM.06.022 09/01/2013 Lines of Business: Current Effective Date: HMO; PPO; QUEST Integration 01/23/2015 Section: Surgery Place(s) of Service: Inpatient I. Description Transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation (TPVI) is an alternative to pulmonary valve replacement by open surgery. It is intended for patients who have previously had a pulmonary valve repair for congenital heart disease, in whom dysfunction of the repaired valve necessitates further intervention. Background Description of Disease. Congenital heart disease, including tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia, and transposition of the great arteries, is generally treated by surgical repair at an early age. This involves reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) and pulmonary valve by means of a surgical homograft or a bovine-derived valved conduit. These repairs are prone to development of pulmonary stenosis or regurgitation over long periods of follow-up. As individuals with prior congenital heart disease repair are living longer into adulthood, the problem of RVOT dysfunction following initial repair has become more common. Calcification of the RVOT conduit can lead to pulmonary stenosis, while aneurysmal dilatation can result in pulmonary regurgitation. RVOT dysfunction can lead to decreased exercise tolerance, potentially fatal arrhythmias, and/or irreversible right ventricular dysfunction. Interventions for RVOT dysfunction often require repeat open heart surgery, resulting in numerous open heart procedures in patients who live into adulthood. Treatment options for pulmonary stenosis are open surgery with valve replacement, balloon dilatation, or percutaneous stenting. Interventions for pulmonary regurgitation are primarily surgical, either reconstruction of the RVOT conduit or replacement of the pulmonary valve through open surgery. The optimal timing of these interventions is not well understood.
Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Implantation 2 Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement offers a potentially less invasive treatment option for patients with prior surgery for congenital heart disease and RVOT dysfunction. It is possible that the use of less invasive valve replacement techniques can spare patients from multiple repeat open heart procedures over long periods of follow-up. Description of Technology. The Melody transcatheter pulmonary valve and the Ensemble Transcatheter Valve Delivery System are used together for percutaneous replacement of a dysfunctional pulmonary valve. The Melody valve consists of a section of bovine jugular vein with an intact native venous valve. The valve and surrounding tissue is sutured within a platinum-iridium stent scaffolding. The transcatheter delivery system consists of a balloon-in-balloon catheter with a retractable sheath and distal cup into which the valve is placed. The procedure is performed on the beating heart without use of cardiopulmonary bypass. The Melody valve is first crimped to fit into the delivery system. It is introduced through the femoral vein and advanced into the right side of the heart and put into place at the site of the pulmonary valve. The inner balloon is inflated to open up the artificial valve, and then the outer balloon is inflated to position the valve into place. Regulatory Status The Melody transcatheter pulmonary valve and the Ensemble Transcatheter Valve Delivery System, manufactured by Medtronic Heart Valves, Inc (Santa Ana, CA), received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval under the Humanitarian Device Exemption (HDE) Program on January 25, 2010. Approval was for use as an adjunct to surgery in the management of pediatric and adult patients with the following clinical conditions: A. Existence of a full (circumferential) RVOT conduit that was equal to or greater than 16 mm in diameter when originally implanted, and B. Dysfunctional RVOT conduits with clinical indication for intervention, and either: 1. Regurgitation: >moderate regurgitation, or 2. Stenosis: mean RVOT gradient >35 mm Hg II. Criteria/Guidelines Transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation is considered medically necessary for patients with prior repair of congenital heart disease and right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) dysfunction, who are not good candidates for open repair due to one or more of the following conditions: A. High-risk for surgery due to concomitant medical comorbidities; or B. Poor surgical candidate due to multiple prior thoracotomies for open heart surgery.
Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Implantation 3 III. Limitations A. Transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation is not covered for all other indications B. Procedures done with non-fda approved devices will not be covered. IV. Administrative Guidelines A. Precertification is required for all non-emergent conditions. To pre-certify, complete HMSA s Precertification Request form and fax or mail the form with the following documentation: 1. Clinical notes including documentation of the severity of the RVOT dysfunction 2. Documentation from at least two cardiac or cardiovascular specialists that the patient is a high or unacceptable risk for open surgical treatment B. HMSA reserves the right to perform retrospective review using the above criteria to validate if services rendered met payment determination criteria. C. Applicable codes: CPT Codes Description 0262T ICD-9-CM Procedure Implantation of catheter-delivered prosthetic pulmonary valve, endovascular approach Description 35.26 Other replacement of pulmonary valve D. ICD-10 codes are provided for your information. These will not become effective until 10/01/2015: ICD-10-PCS Description V. Rationale 02RH3JZ, 02RH4JZ Surgery, heart and great vessels, replacement, pulmonary valve, synthetic substitute, percutaneous or percutaneous endoscopic The published literature on transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation (TPVI) consists of small case series, which generally report on short-term outcomes. Some of the larger, representative publications are discussed in this literature review. Studies using FDA-approved valves The only device that currently has U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation is the Melody valve (Medtronic Heart Valves, Inc., Santa Ana, CA). Approved indications include RVOT dysfunction, defined as pulmonic regurgitation (moderate or greater) or pulmonic stenosis (mean gradient of 35 mm Hg or higher). In addition, a
Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Implantation 4 circumferential RVOT conduit should exist that is equal to or greater than 16 mm in diameter when originally implanted. US Melody TPV trial. The multicenter US Melody TPV trial is a prospective uncontrolled trial from 5 clinical sites that was designed to study the safety, procedural success, and short-term effectiveness of the Melody transcatheter pulmonary valve. This was the pivotal trial on which FDA approval for the Melody valve was based. The study was designed to follow 150 patients over a 5- year period. Eligibility criteria included a dysfunctional right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) conduit or a dysfunctional bioprosthetic pulmonary valve, plus evidence of heart failure. For patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class I heart failure, a Doppler mean gradient of equal to or greater than 40 mm Hg or severe pulmonary regurgitation was required, and for patients with NYHA class II-IV heart failure, a mean gradient of equal to or greater than 35 mm Hg or moderate pulmonary regurgitation was required. These inclusion criteria generally were indications for pulmonary valve replacement. The primary outcomes were defined as procedural success, adverse events from the procedure, and effectiveness, as measured by the proportion of patients with acceptable valve function at 6 months. Interim results from this trial have been published. The most recent publication reported on 136 patients who underwent attempted TPVI. A total of 124/136 patients (91.2%) had successful implantation. In 12 patients, implantation was not possible due to anatomic or other intraprocedural findings that precluded implantation. One death occurred as a result of the procedure (0.7%), and serious adverse events occurred in 8/136 patients (6%). Adverse events included coronary artery dissection, conduit rupture/tear, wide complex tachycardia, respiratory failure, femoral vein thrombosis, and perforation of the pulmonary artery. A total of 94 patients had successful implantation and reached the 6-month follow-up time point at the time of publication. Acceptable valve function, defined as mild pulmonary regurgitation or less on echocardiography, was present in greater than 90% of patients. Right ventricular pressure and right ventricular outflow tract gradient improved following the procedure, and 71/94 (75.5%) were in NYHA class I heart failure at 6 months. Over the course of follow-up, stent fractures were diagnosed in 25/124 (20.2%) patients, and 9/124 (7.3%) required implantation of a second valve. A secondary publication from the US Melody TPV trial focused on the change in exercise function following TPVI. Patients completed a standardized cardiopulmonary regimen 2 months prior to TPVI and 6 months following TPVI. Results of pre- and post-exercise parameters were available for 94-114 patients, depending on the specific outcome. There were numerous physiologic outcome measures reported, with some of these showing a statistically significant change between the 2 time points, and others not showing a significant change. For example, there was a significant increase in the percent predicted maximal workload from 65.0% at baseline to 68.3% at follow-up (p<0.001) and a significant decrease in the ratio of minute ventilation to CO2 production from 30.8 at baseline to 29.1 at follow-up (p<0.001). In contrast, there were no significant changes in peak oxygen consumption or in spirometric measures of pulmonary function. This study reports modest benefits in exercise parameters for patients treated with TPVI. The results are limited by the lack of
Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Implantation 5 a control group and by the large number of patients who did not have completed exercise results available (approximately one-third of total). Italian Society of Pediatric Cardiology Registry. Butera et al published outcomes of 63 patients who were enrolled in this prospective, multicenter registry. Implantation was successful in 97% (61/63) of patients. There was one early death following TPVI, and peri-procedural complications occurred in 14% (9/63). Two complications were considered major, these were stent migration requiring reintervention and ventricular fibrillation treated with external cardioversion. The median right ventricular systolic pressure was reduced from 80 at baseline to 20 (p<0.001) following the procedure, and 60% (38/63) of patients had either grade 0 or grade 1 pulmonary regurgitation. At a median follow-up of 30 months, an additional 3 patients died and 6 patients had major complications. These complications included Melody valve endocarditis (n=2), stent fracture requiring re-intervention (n=2), and herpes virus encephalitis (n=2). There were also 8 patients (13%) who had stent fractures that did not require intervention. Freedom from valve failure or reintervention at last follow-up was estimated to be 81.4%. Lurz et al. This publication reported on 163 patients who underwent attempted TPVI from 4 clinical centers in Europe. Eligibility for the procedure included elevated right ventricular (RV) systolic pressure, increased RVOT dimensions, and either symptoms or evidence of severe RV dysfunction. Procedural success was achieved in 155/163 patients (95.1%). Procedural complications occurred in 12/163 (7.4%), 8 of which were considered serious and 5 of which required open surgery. The median follow-up was 28.4 months. Over the course of follow-up, 4/155 patients (2.6%) died, and an additional 5/155 patients (3.2%) developed infective endocarditis. At 12 months follow-up, greater than 90% of patients had absent or mild valve dysfunction as measured by echocardiography. Eicken et al. This study reported on 102 consecutive patients (mean age 21.5 years) undergoing transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation at 2 centers in Germany. Eligibility for the procedure included RVOT dysfunction with evidence of RV compromise or increased RV pressure. There was one death (1.0%) that occurred as a result of compression of the left coronary artery. Two patients (2.0%) had evidence of stent fracture immediately post-procedure, and one additional patient (1.0%) developed infective endocarditis at 6 month follow-up. At a median follow-up of 357 days, there was a significant decrease in the RVOT gradient from a median of 36 mm Hg to 15 mm Hg (p<0.0001). However, there was no significant change in exercise capacity as measures by maximal oxygen uptake. Other case series reported on smaller numbers of patients, with patient populations ranging from 7-59. These publications reported generally similar results as the larger series, with high procedural success and relatively low rates of serious complications. One of these trials reports follow-up for up to 2 years; no studies were identified that provide longer follow-up data.
Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Implantation 6 Non-FDA approved uses of TPVI There are a variety of potential off-label uses of TPVI that have been reported in the literature. These include use of devices that are not FDA-approved, and use of approved devices for non-fdaapproved indications. A few case series have been reported on use of the Melody valve in patients with clinical characteristics that do not correspond to FDA-approved indications. These have included use in valves other than the pulmonic position, patients with conduit sizes that do not correspond to the FDA indications, and patients with prior congenital heart repair surgery that did not involve construction of a right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) conduit. In general, these case series have reported high rates of procedural success with low rates of peri-procedural complications, but evidence on longer term outcomes is lacking. A small number of retrospective, comparative studies have compared outcomes of the Edwards SAPIEN pulmonic valve with the Melody pulmonic valve. Boshoff et al. described the off-label uses in 21 patients treated with the Melody valve and 2 patients treated with the Edwards SAPIEN pulmonic valve. These included use in native RVOT obstruction, in conduits that were smaller than the FDA-labeled indications, and in large RVOT with a dynamic outflow aneurysm. There were no deaths or major procedural complications reported for these patients. Clinical outcome data were lacking or very limited in this publication. Faza et al. reported on 20 patients who underwent successful implantation of the Edwards SAPIEN pulmonic valve at one clinical center. There were no periprocedural deaths, and all but one patient had no or trivial pulmonic regurgitation on latest follow-up. A comparison of hemodynamic parameters in these 20 patients was made with 13 patients who were treated with the Melody valve. Immediately following the procedure, the transvalvular gradient was similar between groups. At last follow-up, the mean residual transvalvular gradient was higher for patients receiving the SAPIEN valve (18.4 mm Hg versus 11.2 mm Hg, p=0.016), but this difference was no longer present when patients were matched for length of follow-up. A few other small case series reporting on the use of the Edwards SAPIEN Pulmonic Valve for RVOT obstruction have been published. For example, Kenny et al. reported on a Phase I multicenter study of the Sapien pulmonic valve in 36 patients from 4 clinical centers. Procedural success was reported in 97% of patients. Procedural complications occurred in 19% of patients (7/36), including valve migration (n=3), pulmonary hemorrhage (n=2), ventricular fibrillation (n=1), and stent migration (n=1). At 6-month follow-up there were no deaths and 75% of patients (27/36) were in NYHA class I, compared to 14% at baseline. Freedom from reintervention at 6 months was 97%. Adverse events In addition to the adverse events reported in the case series, several publications have focused on adverse events following TPVI.
Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Implantation 7 The FDA reviewed results from the US Melody TPV trial as part of the FDA approval process and reported detailed data on complications from the procedure. At that time, data were available for 99 patients enrolled between January 2007 and December 2008. A total of 90 patients were deemed suitable for implantation following catheterization, and 87/90 patients had successful implantation. There was one procedural-related death (1.1%). The following table is adapted from the FDA summary of safety and probable benefit: Device-related adverse effects (N=89 subjects) Event Subjects with Event Freedom from event at 12 month (SE) Stent fracture (all) 16 (18%) 77.1% (7.5) Minor 1 11 (12%) 84.1% (6.7) Major 1 5 (6%) 90.6% (5.2) Valve stenosis 6 (7%) 90.5% (4.8) Worsening tricuspid regurgitation 1 (1%) 100% (--) Reintervention 2 6 (7%) 93.5% (4.3) Reoperation 1 (1%) 98.6% (2.2) 1 Stent fractures that did not require intervention were defined as minor; those that required reintervention were defined as major 2 Reinterventions were balloon angioplasty in one patient; repeat implantation of a second TPV in 5 patients There were 64 patients in the FDA analysis who reached 6 months of follow-up. Of these, 56/64 (87.5%) had acceptable hemodynamic function of the valve by Doppler echocardiography. At 6 months, approximately 75% of patients were in NYHA class I, and 25% were in NYHA class II. Pulmonary regurgitation that was mild or worse was present in 6.2% of patients. Another publication focusing on adverse events in the US Melody TPV trial was published in 2011. This publication reported on adverse events at a median follow-up of 30 months in 150 patients. Stent fracture occurred in 26% (39/150) of patients. The estimated freedom from stent fracture was 77% at 14 months and 60% at 39 months. Freedom from re-interventions for all patients was estimated to be 86% at 27 months, and freedom from re-interventions for patients with stent fracture was estimated at 49% at 2 years. McElhinney reported rates of infective endocarditis from 3 prospective cases series enrolling a total of 311 patients followed for a median of 2.5 years. There were a total of 16 patients (5.1%) diagnosed with endocarditis at any location and 6 patients (1.9%) who had endocarditis at the pulmonic valve location. This corresponded to an annualized rate of pulmonic valve endocarditis of 0.88%/patient-year.
Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Implantation 8 Ongoing and Unpublished Clinical Trials A search of online database ClinicalTrials.gov in September 2014 identified the following interventional trials of TPVI that are currently ongoing: Melody Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Post-Approval Study (NCT01186692), the Melody Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve (TPV) Post-Market Surveillance Study (NCT00688571), and the Melody Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Study: Post Approval Study of the Original IDE Cohort (Melody IDE) (NCT00740870) These are nonrandomized, interventional studies to evaluate the long-term performance of the Melody Transcatheter Valve in patients who underwent transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation for dysfunctional RVOT conduits. For the postapproval study, enrollment is planned for 100 subjects and the estimated study completion date is July 2017. For the post-market surveillance group, enrollment is planned for 63 subjects and the estimated study completion date is December 2014. For the original IDE group, enrollment is planned for 150 subjects and the estimated study completion date is August 2015. COMPASSION: COngenital Multicenter Trial of Pulmonic VAlve Regurgitation Studying the SAPIEN InterventIONal THV (NCT00676689) COMPASSION is a prospective, nonrandomized, interventional study to evaluate the SAPIEN transcatheter pulmonary valve in patients who previously underwent placement of a conduit between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and subsequently developed a dysfunctional RVOT. Enrollment is planned for 70 subjects; the estimated study completion date is March 2018. Clinical Input Received through Physician Specialty Societies and Academic Medical Centers In response to requests for clinical vetting in 2011, input was received from 5 academic medical centers. While the various physician specialty societies and academic medical centers may collaborate with and make recommendations during this process through the provision of appropriate reviewers, input received does not represent an endorsement or position statement by the physician specialty societies or academic medical centers, unless otherwise noted. Overall response to whether TPVI was investigational was mixed, with 2 of 5 reviewers indicating they agree with the investigational status, and 3 reviewers who indicated it was a split decision. The majority of reviewers (4/5) indicated in their written response that there was a subpopulation of patients who were high risk for surgery or who were not candidates for surgery, in whom there were no other available options. These reviewers felt that TPVI was a viable alternative that offered potential benefit for these patients. Summary Transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation received FDA approval under the Humanitarian Device Exception program in January 2010 for patients with previous repair of congenital heart disease and right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) obstruction. There is currently a lack of high-quality evidence evaluating outcomes of this procedure for the indicated population. No randomized
Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Implantation 9 controlled trials (RCTs) have been performed, and there are no controlled trials that compare transcatheter valve implantation to available alternatives. The available evidence consists of case series of patients with RVOT dysfunction who require intervention. The results of the case series indicate that there is a high rate of procedural success and low procedural mortality. The rate of serious procedural adverse events reported in these series ranges from 3.0-7.4%. At 6 to 12 months of follow-up, there is evidence that the majority of valves demonstrate competent functioning by Doppler echocardiography, with most patients in NYHA functional class I or II. Complications at 6 month follow-up, such as stent fractures and the need for re-interventions, were reported by the FDA analysis to occur at rates of 18% and 7%, respectively. Complications at 6 month follow-up, such as stent fractures and the need for reinterventions, were reported by the FDA analysis to occur at rates of 18% and 7%, respectively. Other publications with longer follow-up have reported stent fractures in up to 26% of patients, however the majority of stent fractures have not required re-intervention. There is no direct evidence to demonstrate that TPV implantation leads to a reduction in future open heart procedures. In patients who are not candidates for open surgery, or who are at high-risk for surgery due to other medical comorbidities, alternative treatment options are limited. Clinical vetting received in 2011 indicated near uniform support for use of TPVI in patients who were not candidates for open repair or who were at high risk for open surgery. Based on this clinical vetting and the evidence on short-term success, TPVI can be considered medically necessary for patients who are not candidates for open repair or who are high risk for open repair. There is very limited published evidence on the off-label use of TPVI, including implantation of a non FDA-approved valve, or use of an approved valve for a non FDA-approved indication. For these off-label uses, TPVI is not covered. VI. Important Reminder The purpose of this Medical Policy is to provide a guide to coverage. This Medical Policy is not intended to dictate to providers how to practice medicine. Nothing in this Medical Policy is intended to discourage or prohibit providing other medical advice or treatment deemed appropriate by the treating physician. Benefit determinations are subject to applicable member contract language. To the extent there are any conflicts between these guidelines and the contract language, the contract language will control. This Medical Policy has been developed through consideration of the medical necessity criteria under Hawaii s Patients Bill of Rights and Responsibilities Act (Hawaii Revised Statutes 432E-1.4), generally accepted standards of medical practice and review of medical literature and government approval status. HMSA has determined that services not covered under this Medical Policy will not be medically necessary under Hawaii law in most cases. If a treating physician disagrees with HMSA s determination as to medical necessity in a given case, the physician may request that
Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Implantation 10 HMSA reconsider the application of the medical necessity criteria to the case at issue in light of any supporting documentation. VII. References 1. Khambadkone S, Nordmeyer J, Bonhoeffer P. Percutaneous implantation of the pulmonary and aortic valves: indications and limitations. J Cardiovasc Med 2007; 8(1):57-61. 2. McElhinney DB, Hellenbrand WE, Zahn EM et al. Short- and medium-term outcomes after transcatheter pulmonary valve placement in the expanded multicenter US Melody Valve Trial. Circulation 2010; 122(5):507-16. 3. Zahn EM, Hellenbrand WE, Lock JE et al. Implantation of the Melody transcatheter pulmonary valve in patients with adysfunctional right ventricular outflow tract conduit. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54(18):1722-9. 4. Batra AS, McElhinney DB, Wang W et al. Cardiopulmonary exercise function among patients undergoing transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation in the US Melody valve investigational trial. Am Heart J 2012; 163(2):280-7. 5. Butera G, Milanesi O, Spadoni I et al. Melody transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation. Results from the registry of the Italian Society of Pediatric Cardiology (SICP). Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2013; 81(2):310-6. 6. Lurz P, Coats L, Khambadkone S et al. Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation: Impact of evolving technology and learning curve on clinical outcomes. Circulation 2008; 117(15):1964-72. 7. Eicken A, Ewert P, Hager A et al. Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation: two-centre experience with more than 100 patients. Eur Heart J 2011; 32(10):1260-5. 8. Khambadkone S, Coats L, Taylor A et al. Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation in humans: results in 59 consecutive patients. Circulation 2005; 112(8):1189-97. 9. Momenah TS, El Oakley R, Al Najashi K et al. Extended application of percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53(20):1859-63. 10. Nordmeyer J, Coats L, Bonhoeffer P. Current experience with percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006; 18(2):122-5. 11. Nordmeyer J, Coats L, Lurz P et al. Percutaneous pulmonary valve-in-valve implantation: a successful treatment concept for early device failure. Eur Heart J 2008; 29(6):810-15. 12. Vezmar M, Chaturvedi R, Lee KJ et al. Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation in the young 2-year follow-up. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2010; 3(4):439-48. 13. Cheatham SL, Holzer RJ, Chisolm JL et al. The medtronic melody transcatheter pulmonary valve implanted at 24-mm diameter-it works. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2013. 14. Boshoff D, Cools B, Heying R et al. Off-label use of percutaneous pulmonary valved stents in the right ventricular outflow tract: time to rewrite the label? Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2013; 81(6):987-95. 15. Faza N, Kenny D, Kavinsky C et al. Single center comparative outcomes of the edwards sapien and medtronic melody transcatheter heart valves in the pulmonary position. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2013; 82(4):E535-41.
Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Implantation 11 16. Kenny D, Hijazi ZM, Kar S et al. Percutaneous implantation of the Edwards SAPIEN transcatheter heart valve for conduit failure in the pulmonary position: early phase 1 results from an international multicenter clinical trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58(21):2248-56. 17. Kenny D, Hijazi ZM, Kar S et al. Percutaneous implantation of the Edwards SAPIEN transcatheter heart valve for conduit failure in the pulmonary position: early phase 1 results from an international multicenter clinical trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58(21):2248-56. 18. Odemis E, Guzeltas A, Saygi M et al. Percutaneous Pulmonary Valve Implantation Using Edwards SAPIEN Transcatheter Heart Valve in Different Types of Conduits: Initial Results of a Single Center Experience. Congenit Heart Dis 2013; 8(5):411-7. 19. FDA summary of Safety and Probable Benefit. Melody Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve and Ensemble Transcatheter Valve Delivery System. Available online at: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf8/h080002b.pdf. Last accessed November 2014. 20. McElhinney DB, Cheatham JP, Jones TK et al. Stent fracture, valve dysfunction, and right ventricular outflow tract reintervention after transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation: patient-related and procedural risk factors in the US Melody Valve Trial. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2011; 4(6):602-14. 21. McElhinney DB, Benson LN, Eicken A et al. Infective endocarditis after transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement using the Melody valve: combined results of 3 prospective North American and European studies. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2013; 6(3):292-300. 22. Blue Cross Blue Shield Association. Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Implantation. Medical Policy Reference Manual. 7.01.131. Revised November 2014. 23. Fraisse A, Assaidi A, Mauri L, et al. Coronary artery compression during intention to treat right ventricle outflow with percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation: incidence, diagnosis, and outcome. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. Jun 1 2014;83(7):E260-268. PMID 24619978 24. Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart DiseaseA Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(22):e57-e185. PMID 25. Morray BH, McElhinney DB, Cheatham JP, et al. Risk of coronary artery compression among patients referred for transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation: a multicenter experience. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. Oct 1 2013;6(5):535-542. PMID 24065444