Name Period Date Animal Structure and Function Structure 1. What is the definition of a tissue? What are the four general categories of animal tissues. (p.415) 2. List the six types of connective tissues. (p.417) 3. What are the characteristics of the three muscle tissues? (p.418) a. b. c. Homeostasis 1. What is the goal of homeostasis and how is it maintained? (p.425) 2. Give an example of negative feedback and of positive feedback in homeostasis. (p.426) 3. Compare the energy use of endotherms and ectotherms. What accounts for the difference between the two groups? (p.506-507) Thermoregulation 1. Describe the four physical processes for heat exchange in animals. (p.506) a. convection - b. conduction - c. evaporation - d. radiation -
2. How does countercurrent heat exchange conserve heat? (p.506-507) 3. How do ectoderms maintain higher than expected body temperatures? (506-507) 4. Draw a diagram to describe the feedback mechanism that regulates body temperature. (p.426) Osmoregulation 1. How do saltwater fish deal with the high salt in their environment? (p.508) 2. Describe the influence of habitat on the type of nitrogen waste produced by animals. (p.510) 3. Draw and label the diagram of the human urinary system: Bowman s capsule, renal vein, renal artery, glomerulus, proximal tubule, distal tubule, collecting duct, loop of Henle. Use arrows to indicate the pathway of blood and urine, and where osmotic exchange of water, salts, amino acids and sugars may occur. (use colors) (p.512, 514)
4. Define each of the key functions of the excretory process. (p.513) a. filtration b. reabsorption c. secretion d. excretion 5. Describe the relationship between the kidney and circulatory system. (p.514) 6. Describe the feedback mechanism involving hormones that is used to regulate the kidney. (p.515) Nutrition 1. Name the four main stages of food processing in heterotrophic nutrition. (p.431) 2. What is the advantage of extracellular digestion over intracellular digestion? (p.432) 3. Label the diagram of the human digestive system (A. anus, B. appendix, C. esophagus, D. gall bladder, E. large intestine, F. liver, G. pharynx, H. pyloric valve, I. small intestine, J. sphincter). (p.433) 4. What two major changes happen to food inside the mouth? (p.434) 5. How does the stomach prevent self-digestion? (p.437)
6. Describe the role of the following hormones in digestion. (p.436, notes) a. gastrin b. secretin c. cholecystokinin (CCK) 7. How do microvilli in the small intestine increase its ability to perform digestion? (p.439) 8. Describe two important functions that occur inside the large intestine. 9. How does an herbivore s alimentary canal differ from that of a carnivore? (p.440-441) 10. What role do the various essential nutrients have in animal metabolism? (p.443-445) a. protein b. carbohydrates c. lipids d. vitamins e. minerals f. water 11. Why are there only 8 essential amino acids?(p.443) 12. Identify and describe a few metabolic deficiency diseases. (p.444-445) a. b. c. Gas Exchange 1. Describe the relationship between the respiratory and circulatory system. (p.454) 2. What are three characteristics typical of a respiratory surface? (p.454)
3. How do fish respire and what is the adaptive value of countercurrent exchange? (p.456-457) 4. How are tracheal tubes and lungs adaptive for gas exchange? (p.457-458) 5. Draw and label the diagram of the human respiratory system: alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, larynx, pharynx, trachea. (use colors) (p.458) 6. What is the role of the alveoli? (p.459) 7. Describe the role of each of the following in the regulation of breathing. (p.461) a. medulla b. ph c. carotid arteries d. aorta e. diaphragm 8. Why is hemoglobin considered a multipurpose molecule? (p.462-463)
Circulation 1. Compare the circulatory systems of higher animals. (p.469) a. open b. closed 2. What is the adaptive value of a four-chambered heart in more complex organisms? (p.470) 3. Label the diagram of the heart: aorta, right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, tricuspid valve, bicuspid valve, atrioventricular valve, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein. (p.471) a. Which side is oxygen rich / oxygen poor? b. Which chambers create the blood pressure in the arteries? c. What causes the heart sounds lub, dub? d. Write out the pathway of blood through the four chambers, arteries, and veins, starting with the superior vena cava: 4. Compare the structure of each blood vessel: (p.472) a. capillary b. vein c. artery 5. How does the pacemaker regulate heart rate? (p.473) 6. Compare the blood pressure and velocity of blood as it flows through: (p.475) a. arteries b. capillaries c. veins
7. Describe how changes in osmotic pressure affect the movement of fluids into and out of capillaries. (p.478) 8. Briefly describe the following components of blood. (p.479) a. plasma b. erythrocytes c. leukocytes d. platelets 9. Describe the types of cardiovascular diseases that are leading causes of death in the US: (p. 474) a. heart attack b. atherosclerosis Immune System 1. Describe the components in innate immunity, the first line of nonspecific defense. (p.486-488) a. cell surface b. white blood cells c. interferons d. inflammatory response 2. What is the role of the lymphatic system in immunity? (p.488) 3. Describe components in the immune response, the second line of nonspecific defense. (p.489-491) a. antigen b. antibody c. antigen receptor d. B lymphocyte e. T lymphocyte 4. What is the difference between active and passive immunity? (p.489)
5. Diagram and describe the steps in B cell activation and its subsequent actions. (use colors) (p.492-493) 6. Secondary immune response is usually quicker and stronger than primary response. Why? (p.493) 7. Briefly antibody action in immunity. (p.494-495) a. neutralization - b. agglutination - c. precipitation - d. activation of complement - 8. Describe the role of the following T cells and their mechanism of action. (p.497-499) a. helper T cells b. cytotoxic T cells 9. What is the role of the MHC in the immune response? (p.500) 10. Describe an example of an autoimmune disease and of an immunodeficiency disease. (p.500)
Hormones & the Endocrine System 1. Compare similarities and differences in the endocrine system and the nervous system. (p.520) 2. Describe the three stages of endocrine signaling and where each occurs. (p. 521) a. reception - b. signal transduction - c. response - 3. What is the role of the hypothalamus? (p.524) 4. Describe the roles of the following glands and the hormones they secrete. (p.522-528) a. pineal (melatonin) b. thymus (thymosin) c. hypothalamus (oxytocin, ADH) d. anterior pituitary (GH, endorphins) e. thyroid (thyroxine, calcitonin) f. parathyroids (PTH) g. pancreas (insulin, glucagon) h. adrenal (epinephrine, norepinephrine) i. gonads (estrogens, androgens) 5. What are the results of an iodine deficiency? (p.526) 6. What is the response to an increase of these sex hormones in the testes of males? (p.541) a. FSH b. LH 7. What is the response to an increase of these sex hormones in females? (p.544-545) a. FSH b. LH c. estrogen d. progesterone
Nervous System 1. Describe the following divisions of the human nervous system. (p.575, 577) a. CNS b. PNS c. sympathetic d. parasympathetic 2. Define the function of the three types of neurons. (p.566) a. sensory - b. interneurons - c. motor 3. Label the structure and function of components of a motor neuron. (p.567) 4. Use the graph to briefly describe each stage of an action potential across a membrane. (p. 569) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5. Describe the change in levels of Na+/K+ across a cell during an action potential. (p.569)
6. Describe the events that occur when an impulse reaches the terminal end of a neuron. What happens across the synaptic cleft? (p.571) 7. Give examples of how the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems work together. (p.576-577) 8. On the diagram, briefly describe functions of major components of the human brain: medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebrum). (p.578-579) Sensory and Motor Mechanisms 1. Using a diagram of the vertebrate eye, describe the function of its structures: cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, vitreous humors). (p.594-595)
2. Using a diagram of the human ear, label and describe the function of its structures: pinna, auditory canal, eardrum, Eustachian tube, cochlea. (p.598) 3. Explain how pressure enables the ear to hear sounds. (p.599) 4. Explain how the skeleton interacts with antagonistic muscles in movement. (p.613) 5. Draw and label the sliding filament model of muscle contraction (use colors). Describe the differences between relaxed and contracted muscles. (p.615) 6. Describe the three types of muscle. (p.418) a. skeletal - b. cardiac - c. smooth -