ville online t www.sholrsreserhlirry.om Europen Journl of Zoologil Reserh, 2014, 3 (3):24-30 (http://sholrsreserhlirry.om/rhive.html) The effet of Wlnut onsumption on the serum levels of Gluose, Triglyeride, Cholesterol, HDL, VLDL, nd LDL in rt s serum with experimentl dietes hmd Ostovr 1*, Vhid Koohi 1,li kr zri min 1,Torj zri min 1, rsh lizde Yekni 1 ISSN: 2278 7356 1 Deprtment of Veterinry Mediine, Triz Brnh, Islmi zd University, Triz, Irn BSTRCT Dietes mellitus is n importnt prolem in humn nd lso it ours in mny nimls, prtiulrly in pet. This study ws to evlute wlnuts effets on serum onentrtion of gluose, triglyeride, Cholesterol, VLDL, LDL nd HDL in experimentl dietes mellitus in rt. 30 mle Wistr rts with ge of 8 weeks nd weight of 200 ± 20 grms were seleted. Then these rts were divided into five groups, 6 rts per group. Dieti tretment group nd dieti ontrol group reeived suutneous single dose of lloxn (100mg/kg BW) in sline solution. Pour ontrol group nd ontrol group reeived suutneous sline norml (100 mg/kgbw). fter oserved dietes symptoms (Polydipsi, Polyuri,Gluosuri nd Hyperglyemi) in groups tht were reeived lloxn, we hve initited to feeding tretment group nd dieti tretment group in the rtio of equl with wlnuts nd pellet. These groups were fed for 10 dys. Blood smples olleted from whole groups t the end of 10dy. Evlution of the serum levels of triglyeride reveled sttistilly signifint differenes in dieti tretment group nd tretment group with ontrol group, ut deresed signifintly ompred to the dieti ontrol group (P<0.05).Evlution of the serum Levels of VLDL deresed signifintly in dieti tretment group nd tretment group ompred to the dieti ontrol group, ut did not revel sttistilly differene ompred to the ontrol group (P<0.05). Evlution of the serum levels of HDL did not revel sttistilly signifint differene etween groups (P 0.05). The wlnut n e used s nturl fruit for prevent thn dietes mellitus disorders. Key word: Dietes, lloxn, wlnut, serum prmeters, rt INTRODUCTION Dietes mellitus is syndrome ours due to lk of insulin seretion or derese in tissue senility to insulin nd results in disorder in rohydrte, ft nd protein metolism [9].Regrds to tht dietes is one of ommon diseses t world inresingly nd there is no definite therpy y now,therefore only promising method inludes proper re nd ontrolled feeding nd ny overindulge my result in irretrievle onsequenes. In dietes, in ddition to serum levels of gluose, triglyeride, holesterol, HDL, VLDL nd LDL re inrese signifintly whih eh hve relted prolems [8, 26]. The most importnt physiologil event in dietes mellitus inludes hyperglyemi whih ours due to 3 use: 1. Derese in gluose rrivl rte into different ells. 2. Derese in gluose in different tissue. 3. Inrese in gluose prodution y liver (gluoneogenesis) [9]. Min symptoms of dietes mellitus inlude: polyuri, polydipsi nd losing weight unlike suffiient feeding. Dietes is divided into two groups totlly: 1. Dietes type I or insulin-dependent dietes mellitus (IDDM). 2. Dietes type II or noninsulin-dependent dietes mellitus (NIDDM)(9). The im of this study is evluting therpeuti effets of wlnuts on iohemil tleu of experimentl dietes in rts so tht to find whether wlnuts n tke role in deresing effets of dietes mellitus. The indution of experimentl dietes in the rt using hemils whih seletively destroy pnreti B ells is very onvenient nd simple to use. The most usul sustnes to indue dietes in the rt re lloxn nd streptozotoin. lloxn re widely used to indue experimentl dietes in nimls. lloxn nd the produt of its redution, diluri id, estlish redox yle with the formtion of superoxide rdils. These rdils undergo dismuttion to hydrogen peroxide. The tion of retive oxygen speies with simultneous 24
mssive inrese in ytosoli lium onentrtion uses rpid destrution of B ells. Summing up, the toxi tion of lloxn on pnreti B ells re the sum of severl proesses suh s oxidtion of essentil SH groups, inhiition of gluokinse, genertion of free rdils nd disturnes in intrellulr lium homeostsis [32]. Wlnutis fruit fromjuglndee fmily ndjuglns Regi speies.ontin high perentge of rohydrte & highft (68%)with 8.3% omeg 3fts speilly Poly Unsturted Ftty ids PUF[(70%) suhs linolei(12%) nd linoleni ids(58%)nd Eos Penttoni id(ep),deos Hexnoi id(dh)] nd Mono Unsturted Ftty ids [MUF(18%)] nd sturted ftties12% [2,3,4,5,10,15,16,24,29,30,33,34],high qulity&high digestile protein (14.4%), Neessry mino ids(24,34) vitmins suh s, B1 (Thimine),B6,B12, C,E,Foli id, Niotini id (Niin), Penttoni id, nd high perentge of dietry fire (9.7%) [2,4,5,14,16,24,34].Wlnut ontin mny minerls suh s Fe( 0.21gr/kg), K(3.32gr/kg),Mg(1.34 gr/kg),p (3.5 gr/kg),c (0.89 gr/kg) nd Zn,Cu,Co, Mn, Se & only N(0.01%) nd ontin Tnnins,nti-oxidnts,nti Inflmmtory gents,nti Infetious gents nd et. [24,34]. MTERILS ND METHODS 30 mlewistr rts with ge of 8 weeks were seleted. Weighted y true digitl lne nd divided into 5 groups, so tht there were 6 rts per group. In order to get used to environment, first they were mintined one week into the speil ge nd mintined t 23-25ᵒC with 12h drk nd light. verge weight of ll groups ws 200±20 gr. t first dy, one of groups were led nd lood serum smple were seprted nd nlyzed fter entrifuge. lloxn monohydrte(y Fluk Co, in 10gr pkge)ws used to indue type I dietes mellitusdieti tretment group nd dieti ontrol group reeived suutneous single dose of lloxn (100 mg/kg) in sline solution. Pour ontrol group nd ontrol group reeived suutneous sline norml (100 mg/kg). Injetion fter 1 week in ll groups ws repeted. fter seond injetion, groups tht reeived lloxn, showed dieti symptoms inluding:polydipsi, polyuri,gluosuri nd hyperglyemi, whih lood gluose ws mesured in fsting mood y digitl gluometer one dy fter seond injetion, showed hyperglyemi(162.50± 4.52 mg/dl) to helthy rts(86.6±3.16 mg/dl), nd gluosuri ws onfirmed with humn urine tpes(y Mnhereg-Ngel Co). Groups were fed y ottom stok fter oserving dieti symptom: Group 1: reeiving physiologil serum s ontrol group, ws fed only with pellet 50±10 gr dily. Group 2: reeiving physiologil serum s tretment group ws fed with(25±5 gr wlnuts) + (25±5 gr pellet). Group 3: reeiving lloxn s dieti ontrol group ws fed only with 50±10 gr pellet. Group 4: reeiving lloxn s dieti tretment group ws fed with(25±5 gr wlnuts) + (25±5 gr pellet). This groups were fed with this method twie dy. Whole groups were fed nd mintined 10 dys under ove mentioned onditions nd were ontrolled everydy on ertin time, then remining food ws weighted nd fter defining mount of lst dy onsumed food, fresh food ws fed.menwhile, during dy from onsuming wlnuts y tretment group nd dieti tretment group ws ssured. Blood smples olleted from whole groups t the end of 10 dy nd ws gthered test tues, tues lids were losed with Pr film then were entrifuged for 10 minutes t 2500 turn/minute nd serum were seprted nd nlyzed. Whole rts were nesthesi y hloroform in glss jr then were led y de-heding method nd during leeding re ws performed to lood enter into the test tues slowly nd tngent with wll. Gluose, triglyeride, holesterol nd HDL serum levels were mesured y enzymti method with ommeril kits uilt in BIOCHEMISTRY ftory y produer Co, euse of proposed wves with spetrophotometer BIOWVE model F2100 uilt in Englnd, nd serum vlues of LDL nd VLDL were lulted ording to follow formul: VLDL = LDL = holesterol (HDL + VLDL) fter otining results, ompring verge prmeters otined were mesured sttistil experiment NOV nd Pired student s t-test y softwre SPSS. Study design ws ompletely rndomized. Tle 1: Indited serum levels of lood gluose (mg/dl) in pure ontrol group, ontrol group, dieti ontrol group, tretment group nd dieti tretment group. Tle (1) Serum levels of Gluose (mg/dl) 86/63± 3/16 80/30± 8/90 Tretment group 80/76± 8/15 Dieti tretment group 85/08 ± 14/38 Dieti ontrol group 162/50 ± 4/52 Similr letters in eh row indited no meningful differene sttistilly (p> 0.05) No similr letters in eh row indited meningful differene sttistilly (p<0.05) Gluose 25
Evlution of the serum levels of gluose reveled sttistilly signifint differenes etween dieti ontrol group with ontrol group nd lso etween tretment group nd dieti tretment group with dieti ontrol group nd ontrol group. (P<0.05)Blood gluose level in dieti ontrol group tht reeiving lloxn hd meningful inrese s to pure ontrol group nd ontrol group ut in dieti tretment group nd tretment group reveled derese sttistilly signifint s to pure ontrol group nd ontrol group (P<0.05). Tle 2: Indited serum levels of triglyeride (mg/dl) in pure ontrol group, ontrol group, dieti ontrol group, tretment group nd dieti tretment group. Tle 2: Serum levels of Triglyeride (mg/dl) 77/90± 9/73 82/30 ± 13/07 Tretment group 89/00± 6/40 Dieti tretment group 90/80± 5/15 Dieti ontrol group 97/25± 4/62 Similr letters in eh row indited no meningful differene sttistilly (p> 0.05) No similr letters in eh row indited meningful differene sttistilly (p<0.05) Triglyeride Evlution of the serum levels of triglyeride reveled sttistilly signifint differenes in dieti tretment group nd tretment group with ontrol group, ut deresed signifintly ompred to the dieti ontrol group. (P<0.05) Blood levels of triglyeride in dieti tretment group nd tretment group reveled derese sttistilly signifint s to dieti ontrol group ndreveled inrese sttistilly signifint s to ontrol group (P<0.05). Tle 3: Indited verge serum levels of holesterol (mg/dl) in pure ontrol group, ontrol group, dieti ontrol group, tretment group nd dieti tretment group. Tle 3: Serum levels of Cholesterol (mg/dl) 100/5± 6/93 98/68± 5/45 Tretment group 90/73± 2/14 Dieti tretment group 87/88 ± 11/18 Dieti ontrol group 120/45 ± 5/95 Similr letters in eh row indited no meningful differene sttistilly (p> 0.05) No similr letters in eh row indited meningful differene sttistilly (p<0.05) Cholesterol Evlution of the serum levels of holesterol reveled sttistilly signifint differenes etween dieti ontrol group with ontrol group nd lso etween tretment group nd dieti tretment group with dieti ontrol group nd ontrol group (P<0.05). Blood Cholesterol level in dieti ontrol group tht reeiving lloxn hd meningful inrese s to pure ontrol group nd ontrol group ut in dieti tretment group nd tretment group reveled derese sttistilly signifint s to dieti ontrol group nd pure ontrol group nd ontrol group (P<0.05). Tle 4: Indited serum levels of VLDL (mg/dl) in pure ontrol group, ontrol group, dieti ontrol group, tretment group nd dieti tretment group. Tle 4: Serum levels of VLDL (mg/dl) 15/56± 1/94 19/90± 2/61 Tretment group 21/40± 7/48 Dieti tretment group 27/76± 7/03 Dieti ontrol group 29/45± 2/92 Similr letters in eh row indited no meningful differene sttistilly (p> 0.05) No similr letters in eh row indited meningful differene sttistilly (p<0.05) VLDL Evlution of the serum Levels of VLDL deresed signifintly in dieti tretment group nd tretment group ompred to the dieti ontrol group, ut did not revel sttistilly differene ompred to the ontrol group (P<0.05). Tle 5) Serum levels of LDL (mg/dl) 49/67± 3/43 46/20± 0/14 Tretment group 41/03± 4/70 Dieti tretment group 35/66 ± 14/03 Dieti ontrol group 65/40 ± 11/33 Similr letters in eh row indited no meningful differene sttistilly (p> 0.05) No similr letters in eh row indited meningful differene sttistilly (p<0.05) LDL 26
Tle 5: Indited serum levels of LDL (mg/dl) in pure ontrol group, ontrol group, tretment group, dieti tretment group nd dieti ontrol group. Evlution of the serum levels of LDL reveled sttistilly signifint differenes etween dieti ontrol group with ontrol group nd lso etween tretment group nd dieti tretment group with dieti ontrol group nd ontrol group (P<0.05).Blood LDL level in dieti ontrol group tht reeiving lloxn hd meningful inrese s to pure ontrol group nd ontrol group ut in dieti tretment group nd tretment group reveled derese sttistilly signifint s to dieti ontrol group nd pure ontrol group nd ontrol group (P<0.05). Tle 6: Indited serum levels of HDL (mg/dl) in pure ontrol group, ontrol group, tretment group, dieti tretment group nd dieti ontrol group. Tle 6) Serum levels of HDL (mg/dl) 23/30± 0/53 25/24± 1/00 Tretment group 28/26± 0/68 Dieti tretment group 24/46± 0/67 Dieti ontrol group 22/30± 0/53 Similr letters in eh row indited no meningful differene sttistilly (p> 0.05) No similr letters in eh row indited meningful differene sttistilly (p<0.05) HDL Evlution of the serum levels of HDL did not revel sttistilly signifint differene etween groups (P 0.05). DISCUSSION Tody dietes mellitus is one of the importnt prolems in humn wd niml soiety. lso, in veterinry dietes mellitus ours in most niml speilly in pets nd to enourge nimls to do different works, using hoolte nd sweetness is urrent [8]. Wht is importnt in dietes mellitus is inresing of lood gluose level nd hnge in insulin level or insulin reeptors? s result, lk of onsuming lood gluose results in sets of metoli hnges in ody tht n mke signifint hnges inluding glyogenesis, lipolysis nd gluoneogenesis. When onsuming lood gluose does not our. Glugon hormone inreses nd use to ove hnges, s result, stored glyogen level derese nd it is synthesis is lowered due to inhiitor of glyogen synthesis enzyme [8, 26]. s result of gluoneogenesis, ody proteins deomposed nd lood gluose inrese nd mmoni nd ure will e produed from protein metolism to supply energy. On the other hnd, ody's fts will e deomposed due to sensitive of lipse enzyme to hormone, then it use to inrese of lipoproteins, triglyeride nd holesterol. etylo resulted from metolism must e reted with oxloette (C4) nd enter to Kres yle s itri id (C6) ut nnot e used euse of lk of oxloette [8, 26]. s result hve two wys: ) 3 moleules of etyl-co omined together then gives holesterol moleule. B) Chooses ketogenesis pth gives rise ketone odies (et-hydro utyri id, etone, etoeti id) [26]. There re different therpeuti methods in order to dietes tretment inluding Glienlmide (inrese of insulin effet), Metformin (derese of liver gluose exit nd derese of insulin strength) [11, 21], inhiitory drugs α-glyosidse (ontrol of ompound rohydrte eing deomposed nd lteny in monoshride s sorption from digestive system) [25,31], nd Troglitzone ( mehnism inluding skeletl musles in soring nd tking gluose nd inresing sensitivity to insulin). The im of study is evluting therpeuti effets of dtes on iohemil tleu of experimentl dietes in rts to find whether dtes n tke role in deresing dietes mellitus mesuring lood gluose showed tht fter lloxn presriing serum level of gluose hs mening inrese in dieti ontrol group ompred to ontrol group. lloxn influenes on β-islets Lngerhns ells nd uses to ell deomposition whih it is symptoms re polyuri nd polydipsi. lloxn effets in giving rise to dietes mellitus is resulted from free rdil prodution (superoxide nd hydroxyl) nd on the other hnd it uses to these ells deomposition y inresing intrellulr lium onentrtion. Results of this study re ordne with reserh result of Szkudelski (1986) [32], Kim et l. (1994) [17], Killier et l. (1996) [19] nd Wever et l. (1978) [35]. Wlnut presried in Dieti tretment group nd Tretment group deresed lood gluose levelsompred with Dieti ontrol group ws lmost lood gluose level in the ontrol group. Mehnism tht ould explin the effet of wlnut on lowering lood sugr is unknown. But it my e onluded ws too low Wlnut gluose level (10%), nd it n e gluose penetrtion to tissues in dieti nimls. [22] Koohi (1386) hs done similr results with the use of the Dte in dieti rts gined is tht the results re onsistent. lizdeh (1386) Effet of honey onsumption in the dieti, hs een reported to redue lood sugr, whih is onsistent with this study. 27
On the other hnd, fier level is high in dtes nd this n prevent from dietes mellitus spred. Mehnism is not ler ut it n sy tht fier prevents from fst inrese of gluose y using lteny in stomh empty nd use to lteny in hungry feeling. It lso, n e deomposed into olon y miro-flor nd give rise to short hin ftty ids, this fermenttion use to liver gluose prodution derese nd y this wy use to derese gluose fter mel. Otined results from this study re ordne with other results of reserhers [12, 36] Jue et l. (2003) hve reported effet of dietry with high fier s ftor in deresing lood sugr [13]. s wlnut ontin s higher fier, n perform this influene. lso Mg s element tht it is lk is oserved in dietes mellitus nd rdiovsulr disese nd in is resulted from urine exretion, derese in sorption from intestine, gluosuri nd ure exretion. Mg tkes importnt role in rohydrte metolism nd insulin funtion nd s oftor tht ts in trnsport, Jointing nd gluose seretion. Insulin use to inresing of Mg rrivl into the ell while this prolem is oserved in dietes type Ι (IDMM). Mg level is reltive high t dtes, thus n interfere with rohydrte metolism nd other mentioned ses djusts inresed level of gluose. Results of this reserh re in greement with tht of Chetn et l. (2002) [6]. Koohi(2008) evluted effet of Dte on indued dietes y lloxn whih re in greement with results of this study [20]. lizdeh (2008) evluted effet of honey on indued dietes y lloxn whih is in ordne with these results [1]. Zn is one essentil element for insulin metolism, nd usully derese in dietes type Ι. s dtes ontins Zn, n e effetive in preventing β-ells deomposition [7]. Miller et l. (2003)[31] Serum levels of holesterol fter presriing lloxn in dieti ontrol group revel meningful inrese. In dietes ourred, gluose nnot supply energy, β-ells of pnreses destroyed, insulin lowered in turn glugon is inresed. s result this inresing of lipolysis ours. On one hnd produed etyl-co nnot enter to Kres yle nd from omining 3 moleules, holesterol is produed [8, 14 nd 26]. t dieti tretment group nd tretment group lso serum level of holesterol revel meningful deresed ompred to dieti ontrol group, pure ontrol group nd ontrol group. lso derese is high in dieti tretment group nd holesterol level is lower ompred to ontrol group. Cuse for holesterol deresing n e due to low level of holesterol in dtes [1,15]. On the other hnd, due to the essentil ftty ids found in wlnut is espeillys linolei id nd linoleni id.jk.hn et l 1991 [5] in their study of the effet of dietry linoleni id nd linolei nd olei ontining serum holesterol levels were performed on serum holesterol levels hve een oserved to show signifint derese. Beuse of Wlnut ontin high levels of unsturted ftty ids, espeilly linolei nd linoleni n ederese holesterol levels. Cholesterol into the ody to e trnsported y lipoproteins or Esterified y ftty ids. If Esterifition do y polyunsturted ftty ids espeilly neessry ftty ids, it n esily e done Cholesterolmetolism,ropping nd plement in ell memrne, tht it n esily e done Cholesterol metolism tht is evidene holesterollowering. It to the other side polyunsturted ftty ids n inrese the tivity of rrier protein of trnsferred holesterol ester in the ody tht s result of the trnsfer of holesterol to simpliity [2]. Serum levelof triglyeride in dieti ontrol group hve inresed fter presriing lloxn whih is resulted from effet of lloxn on β-ells of pnreses nd derese of insulin serum tht follow inresing glugon nd indued lipolysis proess [8,14,26]. But despite the inrese triglyeride levels is in the norml rnge of referene soures. But to inrese this prmeter does not seem like lk of gluose onsumption uses relese of reserves triglyeride storge ples, inluding the liver nd the dipose tissue [9, 28]. Wlnut onsumption derese triglyerides in dieti group nd Tretment group. Triglyerides levels in mentioned groups less thn Dieti ontrol grouput is higherthn ontrol group. mounts of essentil ftty ids, espeilly polyunsturted nd neessry ftty ids in wlnuts is high nd fter ttrting effet on triglyeride metolism nd deresed liver triglyeride synthetse tivity. Triglyeride levels will result derese. Presene of unsturted ftty id prtiulrly ω-3 prevent from inresing lipids,nd synthesis of ftty id nd triglyeride on liver, tht these result re in greement with tht of Kinsell (1987) [18]Effet of unsturted ftty ids on rdiovsulr disese is reviewed.showing tht onsumption of these ftty ids n derese triglyeride levels. Wlnut hve high mount of linolei nd linoleni ids tht due etter trnsfer of lipids y lipoproteins nd will e derese triglyerides. 28
Triglyerides levels in Dieti tretment group nd Tretment group ompred with the ontrol group, reveled signifint inresed tht is used y dietes [9, 27] ut despite the signifint inrese in the men norml rnge is referened. Inresetriglyeride due to inresed VLDL levels tht re reted s result of dietes. The ody needs to e trnsfer of triglyerides re the mjor lipoprotein rrier of triglyerides is VLDL. (9) The results with the results Howrd et l (1987)nd Sxen,et l (1992)is onsistent [3,33]. Triglyerides levels in Dieti group ompred with the ontrol group,reveled signifint inresed.while in Dieti tretment groupnd Tretment group ompred with Dieti ontrol group nd ontrol group reveled signifint deresed.inrese of holesterol levels in Dieti ontrol group stimultes synthesis rry holesterollipoprotein (LDL).Therefore, it will inrese in the serum, wheres the two groups mentioned Wlnut redue serum holesterol levels due to the resons listed nd results in deresed serum LDL levels. Metolized of plsm lipoprotein y multiple enzyme nd reeptor done nd the LDL lled lipoprotein refer n e metolized y the hepti LDL reeptor.the lient is willing to sturted ftty ids. If sturted ftty ids, reple with unsturted, LDL levels will derese. Wlnut lso ontin unsturted ftty ids is the result of lowering LDL used y holesterol redution nd lso due to the unsturted ftty ids.these results re onsistent with the findings of other investigtors [2,4,5,15,16,24,29]. Serum HDL levels in dieti ontrol group nd dieti tretment group nd tretmentgroup don t show sttistil differene with the ontrol groups. Or out dietesindited nd Wlnut onsumption hsnoteffet on serum levels of this prmeter. The overll onlusion of the results of reserh, Wlnutsonsumption in norml rnge in helthy sujets nd in dieti sujets due to deresed serum levels of gluose, holesterol, triglyerides, VLDL, LDL n e useful. But how muh of wlnuts dy n e used? My need to efurther investigted. Suggests: 1) To e investigted in humns. 2)Otherhormones espeilly pnreti hormones fter dministrtion of wlnuts to review. REFERENCES [1] lizdeh,.,(2008), survey on the effet of use Honey on the serum level of Gluose, Triglyeride, Cholesterol, HDL, VLDL, nd LDL in rt s serum with experimentl dietes. Fulty of Veterinry Mediine, Islmi zd University, Brnh of Triz, Triz- Irn [2] Bgdd J, Bitter M, Dvidson M, Suih P.(1992): rterioster Throm. 46-52 [3] Brr, V. Ho wrd, Willim, G, ih, H., Willim, F. Beltz, Ingeorg, T. hrper, Rose, m.field, Soh, m. Grungy, Mrj- Ritt, Tskinen, (1987): metolism, Volume 36 [4] Brinton, E, Eisenerg, S, Breslow, JL, (1990): Jlin Invest: 85:144-51 [5] Chn,J.k.,Brue, V.M., Mdonld, B.E.(1991): merin Journl of linil nutrition, Vol.:53,1230-1234. [6] Chetn, p.,hns,r.,sily nd Devi,D.(2002). Current.Si.83,12 [7] Dietes,Vitmins nd dietry supplements,2008,ville t: http://re.dietesjournl.org/gi/ontent/full/26/4/1277/t3 [8] Gnti,.S., (1992), Veterinry Clinil Pthology. [9] Guyton,.C. nd hll, J., (2000), Textook of medil physiology, 10 th Ed. [10] Hyek, T, Ito, y, zroln N(1993): J Clin Invest; 91:1665-71 [11] Inzuhi, S.E., Mggs, D.G., Spollett, G.R., Pge, S.L., Rites, F.S. nd Wlton, V., (1998), N Engl Med, 338:867-872 [12] Jonn, H., Jennie, W. Rikrd, F., Ol, B., Lrs-olof,. nd Gssn, D., (2007), Nutr J, 6:22 [13] Jue, L., Tkshi, K. Li- Qing, Q., Jing, W., Yun, W. nd kio, S., (2003), Metolism, 52,9:1206-1210 [14] Kndulsk K, K., Szkudelski, T. nd Nogowski, L. (1999), Physiol Res, 48:113-117 [15] ksim-krks, SE(2000): Omeg-3 fish oils nd insulin resistne, In: Wildmn REC; H nd ook of nutreutils nd funtionl foods; Bo Rton, Fl: CRC press; 345-52 [16] Ksim,SE,Stern,B,Kilnni,S,Mlin,P,Biorowski,S,Jen,KL(1988): J lin Endorinl Met B;67:1-5 [17] Kim, H.R., Rho, H. W., Prk, JW Kim, U.H. nd Chng, M. Y., (1994), Biohim Biophys t 1227:87-91 [18] Kinsell, J., (1987), m J Crdiol. 60(12):23-32. [19] Klier,., Szkudelski, T. nd Chihlowsk, J., (1996), J Physiol Phrmol 47: 321-328 [20] Koohi,V., (2008), survey on the effet of use Dte on the serum level of Gluose, Triglyeride, Cholesterol, HDL, VLDL, nd LDL in rt s serum with experimentl dietes. [21] Melhior, W.R. nd Jer, L.., (1996), nn Phrmother 30:158-164 [22] Nvidshd,B nd Jfrisyydi,(2000)niml Nutrition.Pges 126,130,133,142. 29
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