Supplementary Online Content Shenoy E, Macy E, Rowe TA, Blumenthal KG. Evaluation and management of penicillin allergy. JAMA. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.19283 Table 1. Hypersensitivity reaction types Table 2. Cephalosporin cross-reactivity Figure 1. NIAID/FAAN Anaphylaxis Criteria Figure 2. Skin testing technique (a) and interpretation (b) This supplementary material has been provided by the authors to give readers additional information about their work.
Shenoy The Clinical Value of Penicillin Allergy Evaluation and Management: A Review: Supplement 2 37 Table S1. Hypersensitivity reaction types. 1 38 39 40 41 42 Type I/Immediate Type II Type III Type IV/Delayed Immune mediator IgE IgG IgG T lymphocytes Mechanism Drug antigen binds and crosslinks IgE on allergic cells, which results in degranulation. Drug antigenspecific IgG binds antigen on the cell surface or matrix and activated phagocytic cells. Drug antigenspecific IgG binds to soluble antigen forming immunecomplexes that activate complement and phagocytic cells. Drug antigenspecific T lymphocyte receptors bind to drug antigens and activates T lymphocytes with effector cells including macrophages, eosinophils and/or cytotoxic T lymphocytes Timing of onset Minutes to hours Days to weeks Days to weeks Days to weeks HSRs Anaphylaxis Angioedema Urticaria Hemolytic anemia Thrombocytopenia Serum sickness Drug fever Testing/verification methods possible Tryptase (acutely) Skin testing Drug challenge Reaction-specific (e.g., Coombs testing for hemolytic anemia) Complement levels Maculopapular rash SJS/TEN Prolonged drug challenges Patch testing Delayed intradermal testing Abbreviations: Ig, Immunoglobulin; HSR, hypersensitivity reaction; SJS, Stevens-Johnson syndrome; TEN, toxic epidermal necrolysis
Shenoy The Clinical Value of Penicillin Allergy Evaluation and Management: A Review: Supplement 3 43 44 Table S2. Cephalosporin cross-reactivity, by R1 groups* Common amino R1 group Ampicillin Amoxicilin Cefaclor Cephalexin Cefadroxil Common methoxyimino R1 group Ceftriaxone Cefotaxime Cefuroxime Cefepime Ceftazidime Cefpodoxime 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 *Beta-lactam antibiotics have shared beta-lactam rings and may have R1 (6/7 position) and/or R2 (3 position) side chains that can be structurally identical or similar. Cross reactivity appears highest for beta-lactams that share identical R1 side chains. More comprehensive cephalosporin cross-reactivity matrices 2 may be used if avoiding identical and similar structures at both side chain locations is desired. Figure S1. NIAID/FAAN Anaphylaxis Criteria. This is a visual representation of the anaphylaxis definition from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease and Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network. 3 Anaphylaxis to penicillins and other beta-lactam antibiotics occurs from immediate hypersensitivity (IgE-mediated). Anaphylaxis should be promptly treated with epinephrine, supportive care, and adjunctive antihistamines, corticosteroids, and albuterol, as indicated by patient symptoms (Toolkit E). Figure S2. Skin testing technique and interpretation Figure S2a To perform percutaneous skin testing, a drop of allergen is placed on the skin. A 1 mm calibrated lancet is used to puncture the skin to incorporate the allergen; either by pressing down and scooping or by pressing down and twisting. To perform intradermal skin testing, a 25 gauge or smaller intradermal needle is loaded with 0.02 cc of allergen. Hold the needle at a 5 to 15 degree angle to the skin. The needle is then inserted into skin dermis and allergen injected to form a bleb under the skin. Figure S2b Penicillin skin testing (PST) includes percutaneous (i.e., skin-prick testing) testing followed by intradermal skin testing if skin-prick is negative. It is often performed prior to a drug challenge to reduce the number of serious acute-onset challenge reactions. At a minimum, skin testing uses the major antigenic determinant, benzylpenicilloyl polylysine injection (PPL). Allergists often skin test with additional reagents, including diluted penicillin G (10,000 units/ml for prick testing and intradermal testing), minor determinants penilloate and penicilloate, and/or ampicillin. For generalist adoption, we recommend using PPL and diluted Penicillin G. The entire test takes less than 45 minutes. The first panel demonstrates the two steps of PST in a skin test positive patient. The test is shown using major determinant (labeled PPL ), and diluted penicillin G (labeled PCN ), 10,000 units/ml for the skin prick and 1 intradermal testing. The test is performed using a positive control (histamine phosphate 1.0 mg/ml) and a negative control (normal saline). The first step, a percutaneous or skin prick test, uses a skin prick-puncture device to prick the skin. The test is
Shenoy The Clinical Value of Penicillin Allergy Evaluation and Management: A Review: Supplement 4 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 read after 15 minutes. The patient shown here has a negative skin-prick test for penicillin allergy. The intradermal step places 0.02 ml of each reagent intradermally and the test is read after 15 minutes. A positive result for both tests is a wheal of at least 5 mm with flare greater than wheal when read at 15 minutes. The patient has a positive skin test to penicillin given the wheal and flare to major determinant (PPL). The second panel demonstrates indeterminate skin testing situations. The photo on the left does not have a positive histamine response, which results in uninterpretable PPL and PCN. This can happen because of medications (e.g., antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants) or patient condition (e.g., inpatient, elderly, immunocompromised). The photo on the right is also uninterpretable because the negative control is positive (i.e., there is a positive saline response), which may result from dermatographism. 1. Gell PGH, Coombs RA. The Classification of Allergic Reactions Underlying Disease. First ed. Oxford, England: Blackwell; 1963. 2. Blumenthal KG, Shenoy ES, Wolfson AR, et al. Addressing Inpatient Beta-Lactam Allergies: A Multihospital Implementation. The journal of allergy and clinical immunology In practice. 2017;5(3):616-625.e617. 3. Manivannan V, Decker WW, Stead LG, Li JT, Campbell RL. Visual representation of National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease and Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network criteria for anaphylaxis. International journal of emergency medicine. 2009;2(1):3-5.
Manivannan V, Decker WW, Stead LG, Li JT, Campbell RL. Visual representation of National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease and Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network criteria for anaphylaxis. Int J Emerg Med. 2009;2(1):3-5. doi:10.1007/s12245-009-0093-z Anaphylaxis is likely when any one of the three criteria is fulfilled: 1 Acute onset of an illness (minutes to several hours) with involvement of: Skin and/or mucosa Pruritus Flushing Hives Angioedema And either Respiratory compromise Dyspnea Wheeze-bronchospasm Peak expiratory flow Stridor Hypoxemia 2 2 or more of the following that occur rapidly after exposure to a likely allergen for that patient: Skin and/or mucosa Pruritus Flushing Hives Angioedema Respiratory compromise Dyspnea Wheeze-bronchospasm Peak expiratory flow Stridor Hypoxemia 3 After exposure to known allergen for that patient (minutes to several hours): BP Or BP or end-organ dysfunction BP or end-organ dysfunction Collapse Syncope Incontinence Collapse Syncope Incontinence Persistent GI Symptoms Vomiting Crampy Abdominal Pain Diarrhea
Figure S2A Percutaneous Intradermal 2019 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
Figure S2B Patient with a positive penicillin skin test Indeterminate skin test examples Negative Percutaneous Test Positive Intradermal Test Histamine Not Reactive Saline Reactive 2019 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.