Chapter 1 : Visuo-spatial Working Memory. (ebook, ) [racedaydvl.com] The claims for visual and spatial working memory functions are less convincing. Most notable has been the assumption that visual and spatial working memory are intimately involved in the generation, retention and manipulations of visual images. The Working Memory Model divides primary memory into the following parts: The Central Executive A core, supervisory module. The Central Executive controls the flow of information to and from the various slave systems and conscious thought. For example recalling a journey, or picturing a scene. The Phonological Loop This element of Working Memory is responsible for auditory and semantic information. The Phonological Store operates as an inner ear, whilst the Articulatory Process rehearses words to keep them in Working Memory whilst required. The Episodic Buffer Not much is known about the Episodic Buffer, but it is assumed that Working Memory must have an interaction with Long Term Memory, and so the Episodic Buffer has been included in the model to represent this function. The model receives empirical support from dual-task studies as well as brain-damage case studies, such as KF. The cognitive structure of Working Memory has been developed by investigating which tasks can and which cannot be easily completed simultaneously. The assumption being that if two tasks can be completed at the same time, with no loss of efficiency, then they must be utilising different elements of working memory. The Central Executive Despite its grand title, not a huge amount is known about the Central Executive. It was first included in the model due to a perceived requirement for a supervisory function, which would be able to channel information to and from the slave systems see below. Baddeley proposes that the Central Executive allocates mental resources to working memory tasks and supervises the updating of what is in working memory at any given moment. Participants were required to read sentences whilst a verifying the truthfulness of the sentence and b remembering the final word of each sentence. If an individual is a good reader, reading the sentence to determine the truthfulness of the statement will use up very few cognitive resources, leaving more resources available in working memory to recall the final word of each sentence. However, weaker readers who require a greater cognitive effort to comprehend the sentence have fewer resources available for the second task of recalling the final word. This experiment hints at an active role of the central executive at divvying up the cognitive resources required to complete tasks. Over time this has been replaced by what is now termed the Phonological Loop. The Phonological Loop can be sub-divided into two processes: By reading this article you are, in fact, exercising your phonological working memory. Whether you are reading out loud or silently, you are saying the words as you read them. If reading silently to yourself, the articulation process inner voice is activated. The information is then looped back to the articulatory system, which silently repeats the word. According to Baddeley et al. Working Memory Model adapted from: All of these tasks involve an interaction between the visual cache, inner scribe and central executive, which returns the memory to your conscious attention. They asked participants to complete a mental rotation task. Participants had to say whether two drawings of three-dimensional cube structures were the same structure or different structures see picture to the right. The researchers found that people are able to accurately recognise when the pairs of shapes matched. However, participants took longer to work this out if one of the drawings had been rotated, so as to show the structure from a different angle. This exercise demonstrates the role of visual working memory in recognising objects the visual cache as well as mentally manipulating an object to decide whether two objects are the same viewed from different angles or different; making use of the inner scribe. How Does Working Memory Work? So far we have outlined the component parts of the working memory and provided some experimental evidence to support their role in the model. It is worth briefly considering the model, not as its constituent parts but as a complete function. A large body of dual-task studies provide evidence supporting this model. Completing two tasks that compete for the same resource at the same time leads to a decrease in efficiency in both tasks. KF suffered impairments in verbal information, but his memory for visual information was largely unaffected Page 1
following the motorbike accident. Page 2
Chapter 2 : Working Memory Psychology Unlocked Visuo-spatial Working Memory and Individual Differences (Essays in Cognitive Psychology) by Cesare Cornoldi (Author). Perceptual organization and visual immediate memory in children with specific language impairment: Planning and visuo-spatial working memory in school-age children: Eta Evolutiva No 68 Feb, Visual and visuospatial short-term memory in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease: Neuropsychologia Vol 45 8, Differential effect of thalamic and cortical lesions on memory systems in the rat: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 2, Assessment Vol 6 1 Mar, Differential impairment of patients with right versus left hemisphere lesions on the Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test: Applied Neuropsychology Vol 14 3, Working memory skills in children with developmental coordination disorder. Working memory, reading, and mathematical skills in children with developmental coordination disorder: Child Development Vol 77 6 Nov-Dec, Insensitivity of visual short-term memory to irrelevant visual information: Dose-specific effects of scopolamine on canine cognition: Impairment of visuospatial memory, but not visuospatial discrimination: Psychopharmacology Vol 1 Aug, Visuospatial immediate memory on specific language impairment: Spatial and nonspatial visual discrimination learning in zebrafish Danio rerio: Animal Cognition Vol 4 2 Oct, Effects of background television on phonological and visuo-spatial working memory: Communication Research Vol 24 5 Oct, Memory for faces, shoes, and objects by deaf and hearing signers and hearing nonsigners: Journal of Psycholinguistic Research Vol 30 2 Mar, Working memory, psychiatric symptoms, and academic performance at school: Neurobiology of Learning and Memory Vol 83 1 Jan, Developmental Psychobiology Vol 47 1 Jul, The perception of spatial layout in real and virtual worlds: Ergonomics Vol 40 1 Jan, Working memory and distributed vocabulary learning: Applied Psycholinguistics Vol 19 4 Dec, Working memory and language: Looking Back and Looking Forward: Nature Reviews Neuroscience Vol 4 10 Oct, Working memory and Down syndrome: Dissociating visual and spatial components of the visuospatial slave system of working memory: Two spatial memories are not better than one: Evidence of exclusivity in memory for object location: Cognitive Psychology Vol 52 3 May, Spatial Memory Following Shifts of Gaze. Journal of Neurophysiology Vol 89 5 May, Effects of working memory load on long-term word priming: Memory Vol 12 3 May, An investigation of visuospatial memory impairment in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD, combined type: Psychological Medicine Vol 35 10 Oct, Event-related alpha and theta responses in a visuo-spatial working memory task: Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 12 Dec, The relationship between short-term memory and working memory: Complex span made simple? Memory Vol 13 Apr-May, The neurocognitive phenotype of the 22Q Selective deficit in visual-spatial memory: Social caching and observational spatial memory in pinyon jays: Behaviour Vol Sep, Audio-verbal and visuo-spatial memory of elementary school children with varying lateral profiles: Human Physiology Vol 22 3 May-Jun, Anticholinergic effects in frogs in a Morris water maze analog: Distinctive patterns of memory function in subgroups of females with Turner syndrome: Evidence for imprinted loci on the X-chromosome affecting neurodevelopment: Neuropsychologia Vol 38 5 May, Increased focal interictal discharges during specific cognitive tasks: Neurocase Vol 5 1, Schizophrenia, slow wave sleep and visuospatial memory: Sleep-dependent consolidation or trait-like correlation? Journal of Psychiatric Research Vol 40 1 Feb, Test-retest reliability of the Dot Test of Visuospatial Working Memory in patients with schizophrenia and controls: Schizophrenia Research Vol 45 Sep, Exploration of age-related differences in executive control processes of verbal and visuo-spatial working memory: Evidence from the repetition detection paradigm. The Sciences and Engineering. Memory for the functional characteristics of climbing walls: Journal of Motor Behavior Vol 34 1 Mar, Imagination, Cognition and Personality Vol 23, Comparative study of intrusive thoughts and memory in normal subjects and obsessive compulsive patients: Enhanced visuospatial memory following intracerebroventricular administration of nerve growth factor: Neurobiology of Learning and Page 3
Memory Vol 73 1 Jan, Developmental and intellectual differences in self-report and strategy use: Developmental Psychology Vol 35 5 Sep, Early crossmodal multitasking interference revealed by event-related potentials: Visual Cognition Vol 15 1 Jan, No evidence for overshadowing or facilitation of spatial pattern learning by visual cues: Assessment of visuospatial short-term memory and effect of aging: A Journal of Neurology Vol 7 Jul, A test of visuo-spatial learning designed for use with older adults and in dementia: Clinical Neuropsychologist Vol 11 3 Aug, International Journal of Neuroscience Vol 1 Jan, Visuo-spatial working memory and Visualization ability: Cognitiva Vol 16 1, Pain Practice Vol 6 3 Sep, Event-related potential correlates of impaired visuospatial working memory in schizophrenia: Psychophysiology Vol 40 5 Sep, A model of visuospatial working memory in prefrontal cortex: Recurrent network and cellular bistability: Journal of Computational Neuroscience Vol 5 4 Dec, Preserved insight in an artist with extrapersonal spatial neglect: Cortex Vol 34 2 Apr, Acquisition of visual spatial memory: Orientation and reorientation flights in the honeybee. Memory and interrogative suggestibility: Page 4
Chapter 3 : Essays in Cognitive Psychology - Routledge DOWNLOAD VISUO SPATIAL WORKING MEMORY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES ESSAYS IN COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY visuo spatial working memory pdf Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch proposed a model of working memory in, in an attempt to present a. Are the different measures of short-term and working memory measuring approximately the same thing? This is a good question, but you are a funny person: The concept of the general factor of intelligence emerges from the observation that all cognitive tasks are positive correlated with one another, or display positive manifold. Perhaps the following puts it more succinctly: The Cambridge handbook of intelligence. Is there a relationship between these variables? Here is a snippet I have found: However, later in the same reference, there is an interesting chapter on individual differences in visuo-spatial WM ability. Under some circumstances, the abilities can be dissociated: Visuo-spatial working memory and individual differences. Of course, there are many other factors that affect ability and learning. Working memory would be a small determinant but a determinant nonetheless. Have you ever attempted to entertain a complicated concept comprising multiple components, only to have it "fall out of your mind" for lack of a better word? In order to process complicated concepts, you need to have some. Working memory is king, and all other abilities are subservient to it. How common is the occurance of individuals that have poor verbal working memory and high verbal reasoning scores on intelligence tests for example? I am going to make a bold a priori claim: To argue my point, consider what you are implying: If they had very low verbal WMC, what would happen is that the beginning of the sentence would decay before they got to the end; they could never hold the information in the fore of the mind sufficiently long enough to process it, prod it, and synthesise an idea. Likewise for a sophisticated verbal reasoning task; a complex reasoning item has multiple components that must be considered simultaneously. This reference describes it perfectly: Effectively, what I am saying is that robust WMC is a necessary but insufficient component of verbal reasoning ability. How about for visual-spatial working memory and non-working memory visual-spatial scores on intelligence tests? However, I will make the point that WMC would represent the bottleneck in cognitive resources that would predict performance. Having made this claim simply from first principles, let me dig up some evidence for my claims. Page 5
Chapter 4 : Visuo-spatial Working Memory - Robert H. Logie - Google Books Visuo-Spatial Working Memory and Individual Differences (Essays in Cognitive Psychology Series) / Edition 1 available in Hardcover Read an excerpt of this book! Add to Wishlist. Central executive[ edit ] The central executive is a flexible system responsible for the control and regulation of cognitive processes. It directs focus and targets information, making working memory and long term memory work together. It can be thought of as a supervisory system that controls cognitive processes making sure short term store is actively working and intervenes when they go astray and prevents distractions. Rather, there seem to be separate executive functions that can vary largely independently between individuals and can be selectively impaired or spared by brain damage. It consists of two parts: Any auditory verbal information is assumed to enter automatically into the phonological store. Visually presented language can be transformed into phonological code by silent articulation and thereby be encoded into the phonological store. This transformation is facilitated by the articulatory control process. The phonological store acts as an "inner ear", remembering speech sounds in their temporal order, whilst the articulatory process acts as an "inner voice" and repeats the series of words or other speech elements on a loop to prevent them from decaying. The phonological loop may play a key role in the acquisition of vocabulary, particularly in the early childhood years. Five main findings provide evidence for the phonological loop: The effect of phonological similarity: Lists of words that sound similar are more difficult to remember than words that sound different. Semantic similarity similarity of meaning has comparatively little effect, supporting the assumption that verbal information is coded largely phonologically in working memory. Memory for verbal material is impaired when people are asked to say something irrelevant aloud. This is assumed to block the articulatory rehearsal process, leading memory traces in the phonological loop to decay. With visually presented items, adults usually name and sub-vocally rehearse them, so the information is transferred from a visual to an account. Articulatory suppression prevents this transfer, and in that case the above-mentioned effect of phonological similarity is erased for visually presented items. A defective phonological store explains the behavior of patients with a specific deficit in phonological short-term memory. Aphasic patients with developmental verbal dyspraxia are unable to set up the speech motor codes necessary for articulation, caused by a deficiency of the articulatory rehearsal process. This suggests that it is the subvocal rehearsing that is crucial. In a study, Stephen Madigan demonstrated that a larger recency effect is seen during forward serial recall when people are presented a list auditorally as opposed to visually. A smaller effect is seen in backwards serial recall. Catherine Penney expanded on this discovery to observe that modality effects can also be found in the case of free recall tasks. In addition, Bloom and Watkins found that the suffix effect is greatly diminished when the suffix is not interpreted as linguistic sound, which agrees with the phonological short term store theory as it would be largely unaffected by non-linguistic distractors. The visuo-spatial sketchpad is this store that holds visual information for manipulation. In research, it has been found that the visuo-spatial sketchpad can work simultaneously with the phonological loop to process both auditory and visual stimuli without either of the processes affecting the efficacy of the other. In the original theory of short-term memory, it is understood that a person only has one store of immediate information processing which could only hold a total of 7 items plus or minus two items to be stored in a very short period of time, sometimes a matter of seconds. The digit-span test is a perfect example of a measurement for classically defined short-term memory. Essentially, if one is not able to encode the 7 plus or minus two items within a few minutes by finding an existing association for the information to be transferred into long-term memory, then the information is lost and never encoded. There are some who have disparities in the areas of the brain that allow for this to happen from different types of brain damage. A transient memory is merely a fleeting type of sensory memory. Therefore, as the visual sensory memory is a type of sensory memory, there is a store for the information, but the store last for only a second or so. The sketchpad consists of the spatial short-term memory and the object Page 6
memory. The spatial short-term memory is how one is able to learn and thus remember "where" they are in comparative representation to other objects. The object memory of the visuo-spatial sketchpad is essential in learning and remembering "what" an object is. The visual pathway in the brain that detects spatial representation of a person to and within their environment is the dorsal stream. The visual pathway that determines objects shapes, sizes, colors and other definitive characteristics is called the ventral stream. The two streams do not depend on one another, so if one is functioning manipulatively, the other can still send its information through. The visual cache, which stores information about form and color. The inner scribe, which deals with spatial and movement information. It also rehearses information in the visual cache and transfers information to the central executive. There is less interference between visual and spatial tasks than between two visual tasks or two spatial tasks. This component is a limited capacity passive system, [27] dedicated to linking information across domains to form integrated units of visual, spatial, and verbal information with time sequencing or episodic chronological ordering [27], such as the memory of a story or a movie scene. The episodic buffer is also assumed to have links to long-term memory and semantic meaning. Since this is likely "an attention-demanding process The episodic buffer may also interact with smell and taste. The phonological loop seems to be connected to activation in the left hemisphere, more specifically the temporal lobe. The visuo-spatial sketchpad activates different areas depending on task difficulty; less intense tasks seem to activate in the occipital lobe, whereas more complex tasks appear in the parietal lobe. The central executive is still a mystery, although it would seem to be more or less located in the frontal lobes of the brain. The episodic buffer seems to be in both hemispheres bilateral with activations in both the frontal and temporal lobes, and even the left portion of the hippocampus. Additionally, the mechanisms of the slave systems, especially the phonological loop, has inspired a wealth of research in experimental psychology, neuropsychology, and cognitive neuroscience. Chapter 5 : Visuospatial sketchpad Psychology Wiki FANDOM powered by Wikia Representation of the visual and spatial properties of our environment is a pivotal requirement of everyday cognition. We can mentally represent the visual form of objects. Chapter 6 : Visuo-Spatial Working Memory by Robert H. Logie Visuo-spatial Working Memory (Essays in Cognitive Psychology) Published March 18th by Psychology Press Kindle Edition, pages. Chapter 7 : Baddeley's model of working memory - Wikipedia Essays in Cognitive Psychology is designed to meet the need for rapid publication of brief volumes in cognitive psychology.. Primary topics include perception, movement and action, attention, memory, mental representation, language and problem solving. Chapter 8 : Visuo-spatial working memory (Book, ) [racedaydvl.com] This essay follows a line of reconciliation and positive critique in exploring the possible overlap of mental imagery and working memory. Theoretical development in the book draws on data from both cognitive psychology and cognitive neuropsychology. Chapter 9 : Visuo-spatial Working Memory and Individual Differences Pdf AllPsyInfo Page 7
The visuo-spatial subsystem was mainly viewed as a Figure reasoning VISUO-SPATIAL WORKING MEMORY and Hitch () used a dual-task technique requiring their subjects to hold a certain quantity of material (a series of two to eight digits) in short-term memory. of course.g. the mind was able to execute the required concurrent cognitive. Page 8