The Influence f Image Cntent, Clur, and Type f Gambling Activity n Attentinal Bias tward Gambling Stimuli Daniel McGrath, Ph.D. Assistant Prfessr & AGRI Chair Department f Psychlgy University f Calgary
Nne t declare
Cgnitive prcesses in addictin Attentinal biases (AB) Methds fr measuring AB Eye-tracking Study 1: Clur vs. Cntent Study 2: AB and Preferred Gambling
Cgnitin plays an imprtant rle in gambling disrder (GD) Explicit Cgnitin Irratinal thughts Outcme expectancies Mtives Implicit Cgnitin Belw cnscius awareness and withut intrspectin Becme autmatic thrugh repeated use Cues can trigger the prcess, leading t behavir
Attentinal Bias (AB) Preferentially attend t stimuli ver time frm repeated expsures Drug/gambling stimuli > cmpeting stimuli Autmatic prcess AB culd lead t increased cnscius awareness f the drug/gambling Well established in alchl, tbacc, cannabis, and illicit drugs
Hnsi et al. (2013) systematic review Mixed results f AB in gambling Mst studies (7 f 11) indicated an AB fr gambling ver neutral stimuli N cnsistency in methds Strp tests, reactin time tasks, attentinal blink, dual tasks, lexical salience tasks, eventrelated ptentials, and flicker-induced change blindness tests Tw studies using eye-gaze tracking
Eye-gaze Tracking EyeLink 1000 eye-tracking system Infrared camera recrds pupil and crneal reflectin Advantages Direct measure f attentin (eye-gaze and attentin are tightly cupled) Real-time mnitring f attentin Measured in micrsecnds Numerus pssible DVs
N standards fr chsing eye-tracking stimuli Internal validity f AB methds questined Miller & Fillmre (2010) Twenty-five adult drinkers Visual prbe task & eye-tracking 20 alchl images, 20 neutral Half cmplex (i.e., real-life scenes) Half simple (i.e., against a bare wall) 80 trials with paired images (1000ms) DV: ttal fixatin times
Harrisn & McCann (2014) Explred lw-level features f alchl stimuli Visual prbe task Twenty-fur regular drinkers Stimuli 8 practice trials; 84 test trials (500ms) 14 image pairs (alchl + neutral) All pairs had ne greyscale alchl image 1) greyscale neutral same size 2) greyscale neutral 25% larger 3) clur neutral same size
McGrath, Sears, & Garlicka Labratry experiment Research Questin: Hw imprtant is cntent vs. clur? High-level features vs. lw-level features Recruited vide lttery terminal/slt players (vs. cntrls) Inclusin: Played a VLT/slt fr mney past 6 mnths Cntrl: Never played a VLT/slt
Participants 62 participants (69% female; M=21.4 years) 32 VLT/slt players, 30 cntrls PGSI scre (M=0.84, SD=2.0) Days played VLTs past 6 mnths (M=4.5, SD=4.9) Mney n VLTs past 6 mnths (M=$97, SD=$181) Prcedure 48 experimental trials, 8 secnds per trial 12 were gambling (25% f the time) Curse credit r gift card
Mean Fixatin Time (ms) 4000 3750 3500 3250 3000 2750 2500 2250 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 Cntrls VLT/Slt Players Neutral Clur Neutral Grey Gamb Clur Gamb Grey
Gamblers are hetergeneus Strategic (skill) vs. Nn-strategic (chance) Differ demgraphically Gamble fr different reasns Differing rates f DG Yet, the literature ften lumps gamblers tgether AB develps thrugh classical cnditining Experience with the drug/frm f gambling is necessary
Brevers et al. (2011) Paired eye-tracking with a change detectin task Gamblers were recruited Grant & Bwling (2014) Paired eye-tracking with a dt-prbe task Nn-DGs were recruited ABs were detected Hwever, stimuli were varied Rulette, hrses, dice, cards, sprts, etc.
McGrath, Sears, & Meitner Labratry experiment Research Questin: Hw imprtant is preferred gambling in AB? Strategic vs. nn-strategic gambling Recruited yung male gamblers & cntrls (18-35 years) (1) VLT/slt: preferred frm + past 3 mnths + n pker past 3 mnths (2) Pker: preferred frm + past 3 mnths + n VLTs/slts past 3 mnths (3) Cntrl: n gambling past 12 mnths (except lttery)
Participants 79 participants (M=21.9 years) 18 VLT/slt, 31 Pker, 30 Cntrls PGSI scre (M=1.6, SD=2.6) Hurs spent gambling past 30 days (M=8.4, SD=17.5) Prcedure 25 experimental trials, 8 secnds per trial Always 1 pker; 1 bard game; 1 VLT and 1 bing image displayed $20 gift card
Mean Fixatin Time (ms) 2500 2250 2000 1750 1500 Cntrls VLT/Slt Players Pker Players 1250 1000 Bard Bing Pker VLT/slt
Mean Fixatin Time (ms) 1250 1000 750 500 Cntrls VLT/Slt Players Pker Players 250 Bard Bing Pker VLT/slt
Study 1 Lw-level features such as clur grab attentin Gamblers did nt preferentially attend t Greyscale gambling images Gamblers attend t cmbinatin f gambling + clur Study 2 Very evident AB tward preferred gambling Further evidence f hetergeneity in gambling Bard games preferentially attended t (nvelty?) A cmpeting frm f gambling (Bing) was nt attended t
Limitatins Student gamblers (lw PGSI) Mre females Study 1; nne in Study 2 Challenges in chsing neutral stimuli Future Directins Psychlgical characteristics and AB Lngitudinal analyses f AB AB fr gambling cues in the periphery?
Cllabratr Dr. Chris Sears Students Stefania Garlicka Amadeus Meitner Research Assistants Nicle Rmanw Emma Ritchie Celina Bthby
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