Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Acalculous cholecystitis, postoperative, 190 191 Acute cardiac failure, hypoxic liver injury and, in critically ill and postoperative patients, 185 Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP), 205 Acute intermittent porphyria, 75 Acute leukemia, 76 77 Adrenal gland dysfunction of, liver disease and, 60 61 excess from, liver disease and, 61 insufficiency of, liver disease and, 60 61 Adult-onset Stills disease, liver and, 156 AFLP. See Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP). Alagille syndrome, dermatologic manifestations of, 175 Alanine aminotransferase, antiviral therapy related to, in HCV-HIV coinfection, 138 Androgen(s), liver disease and, 62 Anemia(s) hemolytic, 69 71. See also Hemolytic anemias. sickle cell, 70 Anesthesia/anesthetics, liver dysfunction related to, 191 192 Ankylosing sclerosis (AS), liver and, 157 158 Anti-inflammatory drugs, nonsteroidal, in rheumatologic disease management, hepatotoxicity of, 158 a 1 -Antitrypsin deficiency, 23 25 Anti tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), in rheumatologic disease management, 159 Antiviral therapy, in HCV-HIV coinfection management, 136 137 alanine aminotransferase related to, 138 liver biopsy in selection of, 139 140 Arthritis, rheumatoid, liver and, 155 156 AS. See Ankylosing sclerosis (AS). Ascites, nephrogenic, 44 46 Autoimmune hepatitis, celiac disease and, 97 Autoimmune liver diseases celiac disease related, 96 97 dermatologic manifestations of, 174 175 B Bacterial infections described, 115 116 liver and, 115 120 brucellosis, 118 119 leptospirosis, 119 120 Clin Liver Dis 15 (2011) 209 222 doi:10.1016/s1089-3261(10)00165-0 1089-3261/11/$ see front matter ª 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. liver.theclinics.com
210 Bacterial (continued) Lyme disease, 120 mycobacterium TB, 116 118 Q fever, 119 spirochetes, 120 syphilis, 120 typhoid fever, 116 PSC and, 91 Banti syndrome, 72 73 Benign postoperative cholestasis, 190 Bilirubin, overproduction of, postoperative, 190 Birth weight, low, TPN associated liver disease related to, 100 Brucellosis, liver and, 118 119 C Cancer(s), HCC, dermatologic manifestations of, 175 Candida spp., fungal infections associated with, liver and, 123 124 Cardiovascular diseases, liver and, 1 20 congenital heart disease, 10 congestive hepatopathy, 5 10 heat stroke, 10 12 hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, 12 14 ischemic hepatitis, 3 5 polyarteritis nodosa, 14 15 vascular disorders, 12 Celiac disease autoimmune hepatitis and, 97 autoimmune liver disorders associated with, 96 97 hepatobiliary manifestations of, 95 98 clinical manifestations of, 95 96 histologic findings in, 96 pathogenesis of, 95 prevalence of, 95 response to gluten-free diet, 96 in patients with chronic liver disorders, diagnosis of, 97 98 liver disease and, prevalence of, 95 PBC and, 96 97 PSC and, 97 viral hepatitis and, 97 CHF. See Congestive heart failure (CHF). Cholecystitis, acalculous, postoperative, 190 191 Cholestasis benign postoperative, 190 in sepsis, 187 189 intrahepatic, pregnancy-related, 201 202 liver and, 43 Chronic lymphoid leukemia, 76 Cirrhosis(es) decompensated, HCV-HIV coinfection effects on, 135 liver, dermatologic manifestations of, 166 167
211 primary biliary, celiac disease and, 96 97 CMV. See Cytomegalovirus (CMV). Congenital heart disease, liver and, 10 Congestive heart failure (CHF), hypoxic liver injury and, in critically ill and postoperative patients, 185 Congestive hepatopathy clinical features of, 6 8 described, 5 6 diagnosis of, 9 histopathology of, 8 9 incidence of, 6 prognosis of, 9 10 treatment of, 9 Critically ill patients, hepatobiliary manifestations in, 183 197 hypoxic liver injury, 183 186 sepsis, 186 189 TPN related, 192 Cystic fibrosis, 25 27 Cytomegalovirus (CMV), liver and, 112 113 D Decompensated cirrhosis, HCV-HIV coinfection effects on, 135 Dengue, liver and, 115 Dengue hemorrhagic fever, liver and, 115 Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), liver and, 170 171 Dermatologic disorders liver and, 165 182 described, 165 DH, 170 171 DHS, 170 liver cirrhosis, 166 167 mastocytosis, 171 primary skin disorders, 169 172 psoriasis, 169 170 sarcoidosis, 169 scleroderma, 168 SLE, 167 SS, 167 168 systemic disorders, 167 168 toxic epidermal necrolysis, 170 treatment of, hepatotoxicity of, 175 176 malignant, liver and, 171 172 DH. See Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH). DHS. See Drug-induced hypersensitivity (DHS). Diabetes mellitus, in patients with chronic renal diseases, 42 Dialysis liver and, 46 47 treatment of chronic liver diseases in patients undergoing, 47 DIC. See Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), liver and, 71 72
212 Drug(s) for HCV-HIV coinfection, hepatotoxicity of, 142 144 for patients with chronic renal diseases, toxicity of, 42 for rheumatologic disease, hepatotoxicity of, 158 159 thyrotoxic effects of, in liver disease, 59 60 Drug-induced hypersensitivity (DHS), liver and skin effects of, 170 Drug-induced liver injury, 131 152 E EBV. See Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Endocrine diseases, liver and, 55 67 adrenal dysfunction, 60 61 growth hormone, 62 63 metabolic syndrome, 55 58 sex hormones, 61 62 thyroid dysfunction, 58 60 drugs and, 59 60 systemic conditions causing, 60 Enteral nutrition, lack of, TPN associated liver disease related to, 100 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), liver and, 111 112 Erythropoietic protoporphyria, 73 75 Estrogen(s), liver disease and, 61 62 F Felty syndrome, liver and, 156 Fibrosis(es) cystic, 25 27 hepatic, in HCV-HIV coinfected patients, 134 135 Fungal infections, liver and, 123 124 Candida spp., 123 124 G Gastrointestinal disorders, hepatobiliary manifestations of, 89 110. See also specific diseases. Genetic(s), in PSC, 90 Genetic disorders, liver and, 23 27 a 1 -antitrypsin deficiency, 23 25 cystic fibrosis, 25 27 Gluten-free diet, in celiac disease management, response to, 96 Granulomatous diseases, liver and, 27 32 sarcoidosis, 27 30 TB, 30 32 Growth hormone, liver disease and, 62 63 H HAART. See Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Hairy cell leukemia, 76
HCC. See Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCV-HIV coinfection CD4 cell count effects on progression of HCV-related liver disease in patients with, 134 described, 131 132 epidemiology of, 132 133 HCV treatment for patients with, selection of, 138 140 impact on progression of hepatic fibrosis in patients with, 134 135 significance of, 133 136 treatment of, 136 145 antiviral therapy in, 136 137 alanine aminotransferase related to, 138 liver biopsy in selection of, 139 140 barriers to, 141 142 HAART in, hepatotoxicity of, 142 144 medications in, hepatotoxicity of, 142 144 OLT in, 144 145 ribavirin in, 137 138 SVR related to, 137 138 Heart disease, congenital, liver and, 10 Heart failure acute, hypoxic liver injury and, in critically ill and postoperative patients, 185 congestive, hypoxic liver injury and, in critically ill and postoperative patients, 185 Heat stroke clinical features of, 11 described, 10 histopathology of, 11 incidence of, 10 11 liver and, 10 12 prognosis of, 12 treatment of, 11 12 HELLP syndrome, pregnancy-related, 203 204 Hematologic diseases liver and, 69 87 malignant, liver and, 75 82 chronic MPDs, 79 82 leukemia, 75 77 lymphomas, 77 79 solid tumors with hepatic metastases, 82 83 nonmalignant, liver and, 69 75 DIC, 71 72 hemolytic anemias, 69 71 hypersplenism, 72 73 porphyrias, 73 75 Hemolytic anemias, 69 71 background of, 69 malaria, 71 PNH, 70 sickle cell anemia, 70 TTP-HUS, 71 Hemophagocytic syndrome, 78 79 Hepatic fibrosis, in HCV-HIV coinfected patients, 134 135 213
214 Hepatitis autoimmune, celiac disease and, 97 B chronic renal disease and, 40 41 dermatologic manifestations of, 172 173 C acute, treatment of, in HIV patients, 141 chronic renal disease and, 41 42 dermatologic manifestations of, 173 174 HIV infection with, 131 152. See also HCV-HIV coinfection. progression of, HIV treatment effects on, 140 141 treatment of antiviral therapy in, 136 goal of, 136 infective lesions of, dermatologic manifestations of, 172 ischemic, 305. See also Ischemic hepatitis. viral, celiac disease and, 97 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) dermatologic manifestations of, 175 HCV-HIV coinfection effects on, 135 136 Hepatopathy, congestive, 5 10. See also Congestive hepatopathy. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, 12 14 clinical manifestations of, 13 described, 12 diagnosis of, 13 incidence of, 12 treatment of, 13 14 Herpes simplex virus (HSV), liver and, 113 114 HG. See Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG). Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), for HCV-HIV coinfection, hepatotoxicity of, 142 144 HIV infection acute HCV treatment in patients with, 141 HCV with, 131 152. See also HCV-HIV coinfection. liver and, 131 152 treatment of, effects on progression of HCV-related liver disease, 140 141 Hodgkin s lymphoma, 77 Hormone(s), sex, liver disease and, 61 62 HSV. See Herpes simplex virus (HSV). Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), 200 201 Hypersplenism, 72 73 background of, 72 Banti syndrome, 72 73 left-sided portal hypertension, 73 noncirrhotic portal hypertension, 72 73 Hypertension, portal left-sided, 73 noncirrhotic, 72 73 Hyperthyroidism, liver disease and, 58 59 Hypothyroidism, liver disease and, 59 Hypoxic liver injury, in critically ill and postoperative patients, 183 186
215 acute cardiac failure and, 185 CHF and, 185 respiratory failure and, 185 186 I ICP. See Intrahepatic cholestasis (ICP). ICU. See Intensive care unit (ICU). Immunology, in PSC, 90 91 Infection(s). See specific types. Infectious diseases, liver and, 111 130 bacterial infections, 115 120 fungal infections, 123 124 parasitic infections, 120 123 viruses, 111 115 Inflammatory bowel disease, hepatobiliary manifestations of, 89 95. See also specific types. PSC, 89 95 Intensive care unit (ICU), liver dysfunction in, 183 Intestinal anatomy, TPN associated liver disease related to, 100 Intrahepatic cholestasis (ICP), pregnancy-related, 201 202 Ischemic hepatitis clinical features of, 4 described, 3 histopathology of, 5 incidence of, 4 prognosis of, 5 treatment of, 5 Ischemic injury, postoperative, 189 190 J Jaundice, liver cirrhosis and, 166 L Left-sided portal hypertension, 73 Leptospirosis, liver and, 119 120 Leukemia(s), 75 77 acute, 76 77 background of, 75 76 chronic lymphoid, 76 hairy cell, 76 Hodgkin s lymphoma, 77 Liver as protective organ in sepsis, 186 187 as target of sepsis, 187 cardiovascular diseases and, 1 20. See also specific diseases and Cardiovascular diseases, liver and. dermatologic disorders and, 165 182. See also specific disorders and Dermatologic disorders, liver and. dialysis and, 46 47
216 Liver (continued) DIC and, 71 72 diseases of. See Liver diseases. dysfunction of anesthetic-related, 191 192 in ICU, 183 in sepsis, 186 189 endocrine diseases and, 55 67. See also Endocrine diseases, liver and. heat-related disorders of, 10 12 hematologic diseases of, 69 87 infectious diseases and, 111 130. See also Infectious diseases, liver and. macrocirculation of, 1 3 microcirculation of, 1 3 oncologic diseases of, 69 87. See also Hematologic diseases. pulmonary diseases and, 21 37. See also specific diseases and Pulmonary diseases, liver and. renal diseases and, 39 53. See also specific diseases and Renal diseases. renal transplant effects on, 47 49 respiratory failure effects on, 21 23 rheumatologic diseases and, 153 164. See also Rheumatologic diseases, liver and. tumors of, metastatic, 82 83 vascular disorders of, 12 Liver cirrhosis, dermatologic manifestations of, 166 167 jaundice, 166 palmar erythema, 166 spider nevi, 166 167 white nails, 167 Liver diseases adrenal dysfunction and, 60 61 adrenal excess and, 61 adrenal insufficiency and, 60 61 autoimmune celiac disease related, 96 97 dermatologic manifestations of, 174 175 chronic celiac disease in patients with, diagnosis of, 97 98 dialysis in patients with, 46 47 treatment of, in patients undergoing dialysis, 47 cutaneous manifestations of, 172 175 developmental, dermatologic manifestations of, 175 growth hormone and, 62 63 hereditary, dermatologic manifestations of, 175 pregnancy-related, 199 208. See also specific diseases and Pregnancy, liver diseases related to. sex hormones and, 61 62 skin effects of, 165 182. See also specific disorders and Dermatologic disorders, liver and. Liver injury drug-induced, 131 152 hypoxic, in critically ill and postoperative patients, 183 186. See also Hypoxic liver injury, in critically ill and postoperative patients.
217 Liver transplantation for PSC, 94 in TPN associated liver disease management, 103 Low birth weight, TPN associated liver disease related to, 100 Lyme disease, liver and, 120 Lymphoma(s) Hodgkin s, 77 liver and, 77 79 non-hodgkin s, 77 79 M Macrocirculation, of liver, 1 3 Malaria, 71 liver and, 122 123 Mastocytosis, liver and, 171 Metabolic syndrome, NAFLD and, 55 58 Methotrexate hepatoxicity related to, 95 in rheumatologic disease management, hepatotoxicity of, 159 Microcirculation, of liver, 1 3 MPDs. See Myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs). Mycobacterium tuberculosis, liver and, 116 118 Myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) chronic, 79 82 hepatic manifestations of, 70 82 N NAFLD. See Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Neoplasia, PSC and, 93 94 Nephrogenic ascites, 44 46 Nephrogenic hepatic dysfunction, 43 44 Nevus(i), spider, liver cirrhosis and, 166 167 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients with chronic renal diseases, 42 metabolic syndrome and, 55 58 Noncirrhotic portal hypertension, 72 73 Non-Hodgkin s lymphoma, 77 79 Nutrient(s) deficiency of, lack of, TPN associated liver disease related to, 100 101 toxicity of, TPN associated liver disease related to, 101 Nutrition, enteral, lack of, TPN associated liver disease related to, 100 Nutritional disorders, hepatobiliary manifestations of, 89 110. See also specific diseases. celiac disease, 95 98 TPN, 98 103. See also Total parenteral nutrition (PTN). O OLT. See Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Oncologic diseases, liver and, 69 87. See also Hematologic diseases.
218 Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), in HCV-HIV coinfection management, 144 145 Osler-Weber-Rendu disease, 12 14. See also Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. P Palmar erythema, liver cirrhosis and, 166 Parasitic infections described, 120 liver and, 120 123 malaria, 122 123 schistosomiasis, 121 122 Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), 70 PBC. See Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Penicillamine, in rheumatologic disease management, hepatotoxicity of, 158 PNH. See Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). Polyarteritis nodosa, 14 15 clinical manifestations of, 14 described, 14 incidence of, 14 treatment of, 15 Porphyria(s), 73 75 acute intermittent, 75 background of, 73 erythropoietic protoporphyria, 73 75 porphyria cutanea tarde, 75 Porphyria cutanea tarde, 75 Portal hypertension left-sided, 73 noncirrhotic, 72 73 Postoperative patients hepatobiliary manifestations in, 183 197 acalculous cholecystitis, 190 191 anesthetic-related, 191 192 benign postoperative cholestasis, 190 bilirubin overproduction, 190 hypoxic liver injury, 183 186 ischemic injury, 189 190 TPN related, 192 liver dysfunction in, 183 Preeclampsia, liver dysfunction related to, 202 203 Pregnancy, liver diseases related to, 199 208 AFLP, 205 described, 199 200 HELLP syndrome, 203 204 HG, 200 201 ICP, 201 202 preeclampsia-related, 202 203 Prematurity, TPN associated liver disease related to, 100 Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), celiac disease and, 96 97 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), 89 95 bacterial infection and, 91
219 causes of, 90 91 celiac disease and, 97 clinical features of, 91 92 complications of, 93 94 described, 89 90 epidemiology of, 90 genetic factors in, 90 IBD drug-induced hepatotoxicity related to, 94 95 imaging of, 92 immunologic factors in, 90 91 laboratory findings in, 92 natural history of, 91 pathogenesis of, 90 91 pathology of, 93 prognostic models of, 91 treatment of, 94 vascular injury and, 91 Primary skin disorders, liver and, 169 172 Progressive systemic sclerosis/scleroderma, liver and, 157 PSC. See Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Psoriasis, liver and, 169 170 Pulmonary diseases, liver and, 21 37. See also specific diseases. genetic disorders, 23 27 granulomatous diseases, 27 32 Q Q fever, liver and, 119 R RA. See Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Renal diseases abnormal liver tests in patients with, 39 chronic, liver conditions in patients with, 40 42 diabetes mellitus, 42 drug toxicity, 42 hepatitis B, 40 41 C, 41 42 NAFLD, 42 steatohepatitis, 42 liver and, 39 53 cholestasis, 43 nephrogenic ascites, 44 46 nephrogenic hepatic dysfunction, 43 44 renal transplant, 47 49 renal tubular disorders, 43 Renal transplantation, liver and, 47 49 Renal tubular disorders, liver and, 43 Respiratory failure
220 Respiratory (continued) hepatic dysfunction related to, 21 23 hypoxic liver injury and, in critically ill and postoperative patients, 185 186 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), liver and, 155 156 Rheumatologic diseases described, 153 liver and, 153 164 adult-onset Stills disease, 156 AS, 157 158 felty syndrome, 156 progressive systemic sclerosis/scleroderma, 157 RA, 155 156 SLE, 154 155 SS, 156 157 treatment of anti TNF-a in, 159 medication hepatotoxicity in, 158 159 methotrexate, 159 penicillamine in, 158 sulfasalazine, 158 Ribavirin, in HCV-HIV coinfection management, 137 138 S Sarcoidosis, 27 30 liver and skin effects of, 169 Schistosomiasis, liver and, 121 122 Scleroderma, liver and skin effects of, 168 Sclerosis(es) ankylosing, liver and, 157 158 systemic, liver and, 157 Sepsis cholestasis in, 187 189 liver as protective organ in, 186 187 liver as target of, 187 liver dysfunction in, 186 189 TPN associated liver disease related to, 100 Sex hormones, liver disease and, 61 62 Sickle cell anemia, 70 Sjögren syndrome (SS) dermatologic effects of, 167 168 liver and, 156 157, 167 168 Skin, liver diseases effects on, 165 182. See also specific disorders and Dermatologic disorders, liver and. SLE. See Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Small intestine transplantation, in TPN associated liver disease management, 103 Spider nevi, liver cirrhosis and, 166 167 Spirochetes, liver and, 120 SS. See Sjo gren syndrome (SS). SSc. See Systemic sclerosis (SSc). Steatohepatitis, in patients with chronic renal diseases, 42
221 Stills disease, adult-onset, liver and, 156 Sulfasalazine, in rheumatologic disease management, hepatotoxicity of, 159 Syphilis, liver and, 120 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) liver and, 154 155, 167 skin effects of, 167 Systemic sclerosis (SSc), liver and, 157 T TB. See Tuberculosis (TB). Terry nails, liver cirrhosis and, 167 Thiopurines, hepatoxicity related to, 94 95 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura hemolytic uremic syndrome (TTP-HUS), 71 Thyroid dysfunction, liver disease and, 58 60 hyperthyroidism, 58 59 hypothyroidism, 59 systemic conditions causing, 60 thyrotoxic effects of drugs, 59 60 TNF-a. See Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a). Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) described, 98 hepatobiliary manifestations of, 98 103 clinical spectrum of, 99 histopathologic findings, 99 management of, 101 103 prevalence of, 99 risk factors for, 99 101 in critically ill and postoperative patients, 192 Toxic epidermal necrolysis, liver and skin effects of, 170 Transplantation(s) liver for PSC, 94 in TPN associated liver disease management, 103 orthotopic liver, in HCV-HIV coinfection management, 144 145 renal, liver and, 47 49 small intestine, in TPN associated liver disease management, 103 TTP-HUS. See Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura hemolytic uremic syndrome (TTP-HUS). Tuberculosis (TB), 30 32 mycobacterium, liver and, 116 118 Typhoid fever, liver and, 116 V Vascular disorders, of liver, 12 Vascular injury, PSC due to, 91 Viral hepatitis, celiac disease and, 97 Virus(es), liver and, 111 115 CMV, 112 113 dengue, 115
222 Virus(es) (continued) dengue hemorrhagic fever, 115 EBV, 111 112 HSV, 113 114 yellow fever, 114 115 W Whipple s disease, hepatobiliary manifestations of, 98 White nails, liver cirrhosis and, 167 Y Yellow fever, liver and, 114 115