INDEX Adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy, 176 Amyloidosis, 160-161 echocardiographic abnormalities in, 160 intra-mural tumors similar to, 294 myocardial involvement in, 160-161 two-dimensional echocardiography of, 161 Anatomic studies, early work in, 7-10 Angiography left atrial volume with, 144 left ventricular mass with, 142 ventricular aneurysms on, 217 Anorexia nervosa, and left ventricular hypertrophy, 127 Aorta ascending, dissection of, 267-270 descending, on parasternal portal position, 19 echocardiography positions for normal, 21-22 thoracic, see Thoracic aorta Aortic aneurysms, 20 Aortic arch abnormalities, 20 Aortic coarctation echocardiography of, 20, 22, 273 left ventricular hypertrophy with, 125 Aortic dissection aortic insufficiency from, 89 echocardiography of, 267-270 Aortic insufficiency combined M-mode, two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography of, 87-91 diagnosis of, 87-89 etiology of, 89 exercise echocardiography of, 91 prosthetic heart valve evaluation and, 116 severity estimation for, 89-91 timing of surgery in, 91 Aortic leaflet movement, early echocardiography of, 8 Aortic root aneurysms of sinus of Valsalva in, 270-271 echocardiography of, 263-271 normal anatomy of, 263-264 para-aortic abscess and, 270 parasternal portal position in echocardiography for, 18 Aortic root dilatation aortic insufficiency in, 89 aortic valve prolapse with, 77 echocardiography of, 264-267 Aortic valve function hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) and, 147-148, 19 Aortic valve prolapse, 17 Aortic valve regurgitation aortic valve prolapse with, 17 infective endocarditis and, 305, 306-307 left ventricular hypertrophy with, 125-126, 132 Aortic valve stenosis acquired, 80-81 anatomy and examining planes in, 79-80 congenital, 81-83 left ventricular examination in, 80-81 left ventricular hypertrophy with, 125, 132 Mercedez-Benz sign in, 79 mitral annulus calcification in, 66 severity assessment in, 83-84 subvalvular, 84-85 suprasternal portal position in echocardiography of, 20 supravalvular, 85 two-dimensional echocardiography of, 79-84 types of, 80 Aortic valve prosthesis left ventricular hypertrophy with, 125, 127 see also Prosthetic heart valves Aortic valve vegetations, in infective endocarditis, 301-304 Apical portal (portal II) position in echocardiography, 17, 19-20 aorta visualization with, 21 aortic insufficiency on, 90 atrial septal defects on, 328 mitral valve prolapse on, 75-77 pericardial disease on, 181-182 Atrial fibrillation, and atrial thrombi, 298 Atrial septal defects, 327-331 interarterial septum examination views in, 327-329 right parasternal portal position in echocardiography of, 21 three-dimensional echocardiography of, 35-40, 44 two-dimensional echocardiography of, 329-331 Atrioventricular valves apical portal position in echocardiography of, 19 straddling, 367-370 tumors of, 295 Bicycle exercise echocardiography, 309-310 Binocular parallax shift in three-dimensional echocardiography, 33-40 atrial septal defect on, 35-40 clinical results with, 34-40 healthy subject on, 34-35 instrumentation and process in, 33-34 Brachiocephalic vessels, 20 Carcinoid heart disease echocardiography of, 166 pulmonary valve disorders and, 101 Carcinoid tumors, and cardiac valves, 295 Cardiac catheterization mitral stenosis surgery without, 60 tricuspid regurgitation on, 93 Giuliani, ER (ed), Two-dimensional real-time ultrasonic imaging of the heart. ISBN 0-89838-671-3 1985, Martinus Nijhoff Publishing, BostoniDordrechtlLancaster. Printed in the Netherlands.
418 Cardiomyopathy, 169-176 adriamycin and, 176 etiological classification of, 172-173 septal myectomy and findings in, 176 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), 218-219 Chiari network infective endocarditis diagnosis and, 307 right atrial thrombi and, 253 tricuspid valve examination and, 93 Chordae tendineae, and mitral stenosis, 55-56 Cinefluoroscopy, for prosthetic heart valve function, 115, 116 Cleft mitral leaflets, 19 Compound scanning, first use of, 1-2 Congenital aortic stenosis, 81-83 Congenital heart disease echocardiography of, 104-106 pulmonary valve evaluation in, 101, 104-106, 110 Congenital mitral stenosis, 60 Congenital thoracic obstruction, 273 Congestive cardiomyopathy amyloidosis differentiated from, 161 etiology of, 172-173, 176 mitral regurgitation and, 66 Constrictive pericarditis amyloidosis differentiated from, 161 echocardiography of, 188 Contrast echocardiography carcinoid heart disease on, 166 coronary artery disease on, 206 post infarction ventricular septal defect on, 236 tricuspid atresia with, 365 tricuspid valve prolapse on, 99 ventricular septal defects on, 341-343 Coronary art~ries echocardiographic visualization of, in coronary artery disease, 204-206 Coronary artery disease, 191-206 anterior infarction in, 200-202 cardiomyopathies in, 172 contrast myocardial imaging in, 206 coronary artery visualization in, 204-206 detection of ischemic myocardium in, 191-199 exercise echocardiography in, 202-204 inferior infarction in, 200 left ventricular hypertrophy with, 132 localization of ischemic myocardium in, 200-202 myocardial infarction with, 233-234 myocardial scarring in, 198-199 stress echocardiography in, 311-312 systolic wall thickening in, 197-198 transient ischemia detection in, 202-204 Coronary care unit (CCU), 206-219 cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in, 218-219 diagnostic accuracy needs in, 211-212 myocardial infarction in, 209-212 prognostic role of two-dimensional echocardiography in, 212-215 ventral septal defects (VSD) after myocardial infarction in, 216-217 Cross-sectional echocardiography mitral valve prolapse on, 72, 76 pulmonary artery on, 103 pulmonary regurgitation on, 113 pulmonary stenosis on, 108, 109, 110, 112 pulmonary valve on, 107 pulmonary valve vegetations on, 113 Degenerative aortic stenosis, 80 Descending thoracic aorta, 19 Doppler echocardiography aortic insufficiency with, 87-91 early work on, 11-12 first use of, 1 flowmeter first used with, 11-12 infective endocarditis valvular damage on, 305 mitral stenosis assessment with, 60 patent ductus arteriosus on, 346-348 pressure drop across flow obstruction estimation with, 12 pulsed first used in, 12 Double outlet right ventricle differential diagnosis in, 387-390 two-dimensional echocardiography of, 378-380, 383-387 Ebstein's anomaly of tricuspid valve, 351-357 anomalies associated with, 356 interarterial septum and right-to-left shunt in, 356 right atrium in, 354 right ventricle in, 355 severity evaluation in, 356-357 tricuspid regurgitation in, 355-356 tricuspid valve anatomy in, 351-354 Echocardiography anatomic studies using, 7-10 apical portal (portal II) position in, 19-20 aorta visualization in normal heart on, 21-22 barium titanate first used for recording in, 6-7 cardiomyopathy classification with, 170-172 development work preceding acceptance of, 13 as diagnostic tool in clinic, 10 Doppler technique in, see Doppler echocardiography early work in, 2-7 factors making examination more difficult in, 18 first clinical application of, 6 great veins visualization in normal heart with, 22 normal heart examination using, 17-32 other cardiac parameters in relation to, 10-11 parasternal portal (portal I) position in, 18-19 right parasternal portal (portal V) position in, 21 subcostal portal (portal IV) position in, 20-21 suprastemal portal (portal IIi) position in, 20 transduterposition and corresponding tomographic sections in, 17 three-dimensional, see Three-dimensional echocardiography two-dimensional, see Two-dimensional echocardiography Echoencephalography, first use of, 1 Echophonocardiography, with prosthetic heart valve function, 115-116 Electrocardiography (ECG) coronary artery disease echocardiography correlation with, 196 early work with, 10 left ventricular hypertrophy and, 140 Endocardial fibroelastosis, and restrictive cardiomyopathy, 176 Endocarditis, see Infective endocarditis Endomyocardial fibrosis, 163-164 Eosinophilia, 161-163 Eustachian valve great veins visualization with echocardiography and, 22 parasternal portal position in echocardiography in, 18 right atrial thrombi and, 253
419 tricuspid valve examination and, 93 Exercise echocardiography aortic insufficiency on, 91 transient ischemia detection with, 202-204 Fibrolipoma of tricuspid valve, 295 Fluoroscopy aortic root dilatation on, 271 mitral prosthetic valve malfunction on, 67 Friederick's ataxia, 176 Gastrointestinal tract tumor, and carcinoid heart disease, 166 Great vessels in normal view echocardiography positions in visualization of, 19, 22 right ventricular outflow tract definition and, 101-103 Great vessels transposition double outlet right ventricle differentiated from, 387-390 patent ductus arteriosus and, 347 pulmonary stenosis with, 107, 108, 109, 110-111 pulmonary valve examination in, 104-106 Grey levels in three-dimensional echocardiography, 4~ atrial septal defects on, 44 clinical results with, 44 health subject on, 44 instrumentation and process in, 40-44 processing, 41-42 Heart, normal, see Normal heart Hemochromatosis, 164-165 History of ultrasound, 1-13 anatomic studies, 7-10 Doppler echocardiography, 11-12 echocardiography, 2-11 two-dimensional echocardiography, 12-13 Hypercalcemia, with sarcoidosis, 165 Hypereosinophilic syndrome, 161-163 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy etiological classification of, 172-173 interventricular obstruction in, 175 left ventricular hypertrophy. and, 132 mitral regurgitation differentiated from, 68 systolic anterior motion in, 175 three-dimensional echocardiography of, 50 two-dimensional echocardiography of, 68, 173-174 Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASM) in, 147, 148-152, 154 coexistent pathology with, 154-156 family history of, 152-153 left ventricular architecture in, 148-153 M-mode echocardiography of, 147-148 parasternal portal position in echocardiography for, 18 pathophysiology of, 153-154 right ventricular outflow obstruction in, 156 therapy effects in, 156 tissue signature in, 156 two-dimensional echocardiography of, 147-156 Hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, idiopathic, 66 Hypoplastic left heart syndrome, 393-395 Hypoplastic right heart, 395-402 Idiopathic congestive cardiomyopathy, with mitral regurgitation, 66 Infective endocarditis, 301-307 aortic stenosis and, 80 differential diagnosis in, 306-307 echocardiographic technique in, 304 hemodynamic changes in, 305-306 left ventricular function in, 306 mitral regurgitation and, 64 prosthetic valves and, 116, 303-304 pulmonary valve disorders in, 101, 113 suppurative complications in, 305 valve damage in, 304-305 valvular vegetations and morphological changes in, 301-304 Inferior vena cava echocardiographic visualization of normal, 22 right atrial thrombi and, 252-254 tricuspid regurgitation examination of, 93, 95, 96-97 Infiltrative cardiomyopathy, see Restrictive and infiltrative cardiomyopathy Left atrial masses, in echocardiography, 18 Left atrial myxoma, early application of echocardiography to, 6, 10 Left atrial size, in mitral stenosis, 55 Left atrial thrombi, two-dimensional echocardiography of, 250-252,298 Left atrial tumors, two-dimensional echocardiography of, 284-287 Left atrial volume, two-dimensional echocardiography of, 144-145 Left ventricular function apical portal position in echocardiography of, 19-20 early work with echocardiography in, 10 hypereosinophilic syndrome with, 163 hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) and, 148-153 infective endocarditis and, 306 mitral valve prolapse with, 72-74 prosthetic heart valve evaluation and, 116 stress echocardiography of, 309, 311 therapeutic interventions and effects on, 316 Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), 125-133 aortic stenosis with, 80 comparison of methods in, 126 ECG studies for, 140 echocardiography of, 140 future developments in analysis of, 132-133 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and, 174-175 left ventricular wall stress in, 128-129, 132 left ventricular wall thickness and, 126-128, 132 M mode echocardiography of, 126-129 pressure loading in, 125 problem of image error in, 130-131 two-dimensional echocardiography of, 129-133 volume overload in, 125-126 Left ventricular mass angiography for, 142 left ventricular hypertrophy evaluation with, 131-132 in normal population, 142-144 quantiation of two-dimensional echocardiography of, 140-144 two-dimensional echocardiography for, 131-132 Left ventricular outflow hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and, 68, 175-176 hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) and, 153, 154, 19 suvalvular aortic stenosis and, 84-85 suprava1vular aortic stenosis and, 85 two-dimensional echocardiography of, 79-85 valvular aortic stenosis and, 79-84 Left ventricular thrombi apical portal position in echocardiography of, 20
420 classification of, 258 coronary care unit diagnosis of, 217-218 false positive studies in, 259 myocardial infarction and, 241-243, 296 size and detection of, 258 two-dimensional echocardiography of, 255-260, 295-298 Left ventricular tumors, on two-dimensional echocardiography, 291-292 Left ventricular volume in normal population, 138-139 three-dimensional echocardiography of, 48, 50 two-dimensional echocardiography of, 135-140 Left ventricular wall abnormalities future developments in evaluation of, 229 left ventricular thrombus and, 255-260 myocardial infarction and, 226-229, 231-234 practical considerations with echocardiography in, 223-226 pseudoaneurysms and, 239-240 quantifying regional function in, 221-223 two-dimensional echocardiography of, 221-229 Left ventricular wall motion apical portal position in echocardiography of, 20 coronary artery disease and, 191-199 left ventricular hypertrophy and, 128-129, 132 myocardial infarction and, 213-215 therapeutic interventions and effects of, 316-320 Left ventricular wall thickness amyloidosis and, 160, 161 early work with echocardiography of, 10 left ventricular hypertrophy and, 126-128, 132 Libman-Sacks endocarditis, 307 Loeffler's endocarditis, 307 Marfan's syndrome aortic insufficiency in, 89 aortic root dilatation in, 265-266 mitral annulus calcification in, 66 parasternal portal position in echocardiography in, 18 pulmonary stenosis in, 112 Mitral valve annulus calcification left atrial thrombi and, 252 mitral regurgitation and, 66-67 Mitral valve disease early work with echocardiography in, 2-6, 10, 19 straddling mitral valves in, 369-370 Mitral valve flutter, and aortic insufficiency, 87 Mitral valve function hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and, 173, 176 hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) in, 148, 154 patent ductus arteriosus and, 347-348 prosthetic heart valve evaluation and, 116 subcostal portal position in echocardiography of, 20 Mitral valve insufficiency, and prosthetic heart valve evaluation,116 Mitral valve leaflets aortic valve prolapse and, 77 early work in echocardiography of, 8, 10 infective endocarditis and, 304-305, 307 mitral prolapse with, 71, 72 mitral regurgitation with, 63-64 mitral stenosis and, 54-55, 58 Mitral valve prolapse anatomic features of, 71 apical view of, 75-77 false positive and false negative prolapse in, 72 grading system for, 76 infective endocarditis and, 306 left ventricular longitudinal view of, 72-74 mild, 76 M-mode echocardiography of, 71-72 M-mode vs. two-dimensional echocardiography of, 72-77 moderate, 76 severe, 76 tricuspid atresia with, 365 tricuspid valve prolapse with, 77 two-dimensional echocardiographic ex<amination of, 71-77 Mitral valve regurgitation calcified mitral annulus in, 66-67 differential diagnosis in, 68 etiology of, 63 hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) with, 156 idiopathic congestive cardiomyopathy and, 66 infective endocarditis and, 305 myocardial infarction with, 237-239 papillary muscle dysfunction and, 65-67 prosthetic valve malfunction and, 67-68 rheumatic, 63-64 two-dimensional echocardiography of, 63-69 ultrasonic cardiogram (ECG) of, 5-6 valvular vegetations and flail leaflets in, 64 Mitral valve stenosis, 53-60 aortic insufficiency and, 87 cardiac chamber morphology in, 55 combination echo-doppler techniques in, 60 congenital, 60 early work with echocardiography of, 2-6, 10 first use of echocardiographic assessment of, 53 gross pathological changes in, 53 mitral leaflets in, 64 mitral valve orifice area estimation in, 56-57 mitral valve prolapse diagnosis and rebound phenomenon in, 53 surgery without cardiac catheterization in, 60 tricuspid regurgitation with, 93 two-dimensional and M-mode correlations in, 57-59 two-dimensional echocardiography of, 53-56 types of, 55 Mitral valve prosthesis left atrial thrombi and, 252 left ventricular hypertrophy and, 127 two-dimensional echocardiography of, 67-68 see also Prosthetic heart valves Mitral valve vegetation infective endocarditis and, 301-304 mitral regurgitation and, 64 M-mode technique aortic aneurysm on, 274 aortic insufficiency with, 87-91 atrial septal defects on, 327 development work with echocardiography and, 13 first use of, 1 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and, 173 hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) in, 147-148 infective endocarditis on, 301 left atrial volume with, 144 left heart quantitative analysis with, 135, 140 left ventricular hypertrophy on, 126-129 mitral regurgitation on, 64 mitral stenosis assessment with, 53, 57-59, 60
421 mitral valve prolapse on, 71-77 pericardial disease on, 179 persistent truncus arteriosus on, 375 pulmonary artery on, 103 pulmonary stenosis on, 108-109 pulmonary valve examination with, 106 subvalvular aortic stenosis on, 84 tricuspid atresia with, 365, 366 tricuspid stenosis on, 98 tricuspid valve vegetations on, 99 Myeloma, and amyloidosis, 160 Myocardial infarction amyloidosis differentiated from, 161 complicated, on two-dimensional echocardiography, 231-232 consequences of, 216 coronary care unit and, 209-217 coronary lesions in, 233-234 left ventricular thrombi after, 296 left ventricular wall abnormalities in, 226-229, 231-234 left ventricular wall motion in, 213-215 mitral regurgitation and, 65, 237-239 mural thrombi in, 241-243 pseudoaneurysms and, 217, 239-241 right ventricular dysfunction in, 243-244 right ventricular thrombi in, 255 ventricular septal defects (VSD) after, 216-217, 234-237 Myosarcomas, 292 Neonatal patients patent ductus arteriosus in, 345, 346 pulmonary stenosis in, 108, 111-112 pulmonary valve disorders in, 101 Normal heart aorta visualization in, 21-22 aortic root in, 263-264 apical portal position in echocardiography of, 19-20 echocardiographic examination of, 17-32 factors making examination more difficult in, 18 great veins visualization in, 22 left atrial volume in, 144-145 left ventricular mass in, 142-144 left ventricular volume in, 138-139 -19 pulmonary valve in, 106-107 right parasternal portal position in echocardiography of, 21 subcostal portal position in echocardiography of, 20-21 suprasternal portal position in echocardiography of, 20 three-dimensional echocardiography of, 34-35, 44 transducer position and corresponding tomographic sections of, 17 Papillary muscles hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and, 175, 176 mitral regurgitation and, 65-67, 237-239 parasternal portal position in echocardiography for, 19 Para-aortic abscess, 270 Parasternal portal (portal I) position in echocardiography, 17, 18-19 aortic visualization with, 21 atrial septal defects on, 327, 329 pericardial disease on, 180-181 Patent ductus arteriosus, 345-349 Pectus excavatum, 20 Pericardial cysts, 241 Pericardial disease anatomy in, 179-180 hemodynamic consequences of, 184-185 intra- and extrapericardial masses in, 186 large pericardial effusion in, 184 M-mode echocardiography in, 179 moderate pericardial effusion in, 183-184 pleural effusions differentiated from, 185-186 small pericardial effusions in, 182-183 two-dimensional echocardiography of, 180-182 Pericardial effusion first diagnostic use of echocardiography for, 6, 10 hemodynamic consequences of, 184-185 large, 184 mitral valve prolapse diagnosis and seinging heart in, 72 moderate, 183-184 pleural effusions differentiated from, 185-186 pseudoaneurysm differentiated from, 241 small, 182-183 two-dimensional echocardiography of, 180-182 Pericardiocentesis, with two-dimensional echocardiography, 186-188 Persistent truncus arteriosus, 375-378 Phonocardiography, early work with, 10 Pleural effusions, pericardial effusions differentiated from, 185-186 Progressive systemic sclerosis, 165-166 Prosthetic heart valve cinefluoroscopy in, 116 echophonocardiography of, 115-116 features of normal, 119 infective endocarditis and vegetations of, 303-304 non tissue, 115-116 problem of valve durability in, 116-118 tissue valve in, 116-118 two-dimensional echocardiography of, 116 Pseudoaneurysm mitral regurgitation and, 66 myocardial infarction and, 217, 239-241 Pulmonary artery aneurysm of, 103 echocardiography of, 103 patent ductus arteriosus and imaging of, 346 pulmonary stenosis and, 107, 111-112 suprasternal portal position in echocardiography of, 20 tricuspid atresia and, 363-365 Pulmonary hypertension pulmonary valve disorders and, 112 tricuspid regurgitation with, 93 Pulmonary valve function appearance and motion of normal, 106-107 difficulties in recording, 101 echocardiography of, 18, 101-113 right ventricular outflow tract definition and, 101-106 Pulmonary valve regurgitation causes of, 112-113 echocardiography of, 112-113 pulmonary artery dilatation and pulmonary hypertension and, 112 Pulmonary valve stenosis double outlet right ventricle and, 378 Ebstein's anomaly of tricuspid valve and, 356 echocardiography of, 107-112 examination levels for, 107 levels of involvement in, 107 pulmonary atresia bands in, 112 pulmonary artery dilatation and pulmonary hypertension and, 112 severity diagnosis in, 108-109 subvalvular anatomy and diagnosis in, 110-112
422 tetralogy of Fallot in, 110 valvular anatomy and diagnosis in, 107-108 Pulmonary valve vegetations echocardiography of, 113 parasternal portal position for, 18 Pulsed Doppler echocardiography early use of, 12 Ebstein's anomaly of tricuspid valve on, 356 Reflection technique in ultrasound, 1 Restrictive and infiltrative cardiomyopathy, 159-166 amyloidosis in, 160-161 carcinoid heart disease in, 166 endomyocardial fibrosis in, 163-164 etiological classification of, 172-173 hemochromatosis in, 164-165 hypereosinophilia syndrome in, 163-164 progressive systemic sclerosis in, 165-166 role of echocardiography in, 159-160 sarcoidosis in, 165 Rheumatic aortic stenosis, 80 Rheumatic endocarditis, and aortic stenosis, 80 Rheumatic mitral regurgitation, 63-64 Right apical portal (portal VI) position in echocardiography, 17 Right atrial function Ebstein's anomaly of tricuspid valve and, 354 mitral stenosis and, 55 Right atrial masses, on echocardiography, 18 Right atrial myxoma, on echoeardiography, 18 Right atrial thrombi, on two-dimensional echocardiography, 287-289 Right parasternal portal (portal V) position in echocardiography, 17,21 Right pulmonary artery, in echocardiography, 20 Right ventricular function doublet outlet, 378-380 Ebstein's anomaly of tricuspid valve and, 355 myocardial infarction with, 243-244 tricuspid atresia and, 360-363 tricuspid regurgitation and, 93 Right ventricular outflow Ebstein's anomaly of tricuspid valve and, 356 evaluations invluded in echocardiographic examination of, 107 examination approach to, 107 great vessels examination planes for, 101-106 hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOeM) with, 156 hypoplastic right heart and, 399 pulmonary valve disorders and, 10 1-106 subcostal portal position in, 20 Right ventricular thrombi, on two-dimensional echocardiography, 254-255, 295-298 Right ventricular tumors, on two-dimensional echocardiography, 289-291 Right ventricular volume, with three-dimensional echocardiography, 48, 50 Sarcoidosis, 165 Scleroderma, and cardiomyopathy, 176 Single ventricle, 402-416 Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm, 270-271, 274 Straddling atrioventricular valves, 367-370, 416 mitral, 369-370 tricuspid, 368-369 Stress echocardiography, 309-314 advantages and disadvantages of, 314 applications of, 311-313 left ventricle with, 309, 311 supine bicycle technique with, 309-310 transducer position in, 310 treadmill exercise in, 310 upright bicycle technique in, 310 Subcostal portal (portal IV) position in echocardiography, 17, 20-21 aorta visualization with, 22 atrial septal defects on, 328 Subvalvular aortic stenosis, on two-dimensional echocardiography, 84-85 Superior vena cava, on echocardiography, 22 Suprasternal portal (portal III) position in echocardiography, 17,20 aorta visualization with, 21-22 Supravalvular aortic stenosis, on two-dimensional echocardiography,85 Tetralogy of Fallot double outlet right ventricle differentiated from, 387 pulmonary atresia in, 110 two-dimensional echocardiography of, 373-374 Thoracic aorta aneurysmand dissection of, 273-275 clinical implications of, 279 congenital obstruction of, 273 two-dimensional echocardiography of, 273-281 usefulness of recognition of, 278 vascular vs. non-vascular mediastinal lesions in, 275-277 Three-dimensional echocardiography, 33-51 atrial septal defect on, 35-40 binocular parallax shift used in, 33-40 display limitations in, 49 grey levels used in, 40-44 limitations and future prospects for, 48-50 original data collection limitations in, 48-49 volume calculation of cardiac chambers based on, 44-48, 50 Thyrotoxicosis, and left ventricular hypertrophy, 127 Transposition of great vessels, see Great vessels transposition Treadmill exercise echocardiography, 310 Tricuspid atresia, 59-60 abnormalities associated with, 365-366 absence of tricuspid valve echoes in, 359-360 contrast echocardiography in, 365 hypoplastic right heart and, 397-398 pulmonary artery assessment in, 363-365 right ventricle size in, 360-363 ventricular septal defect in, 360 Tricuspid valve disease carcinoid heart disease with, 166 Ebstein's anomaly in, 351-357 echocardiography of, 93-99 normal anatomy and examination technique in, 93 parasternal portal position in, 18 straddling valves in, 368-369 subcostal portal position in, 20 tumors in, 295 Tricuspid valve leaflets, with tricuspid stenosis, 98 Tricuspid valve prolapse echocardiography of, 18, 98-99 two-dimensional echocardiography of, 77 Tricuspid valve regurgitation contrast appearance in inferior vena cava in, 95 diagnostic relevance of contrast patterns in, 95-96 Ebstein's anomaly of tricuspid valve and, 355-356
423 echocardiographic examination of, 94-95 infective endocarditis and, 305-306 inferior vena cava contrast after surgery for, 96-97 M-mode versus two-dimensional echocardiography for, 96 myocardial infarction and, 244 patient population in study of, 93-94 tricuspid valve prolapse and, 99 Tricuspid valve stenosis echocardiography of, 18, 97-98 hypoplastic right heart and, 397 Tricuspid valve vegetations echocardiography of, 18, 99 infective endocarditis and, 301-304, 307 right atrial tumor and. 289 Two-dimensional echocardiography analysis of generated records in, 140 early work in, 12-13 exercise, 312 first real-time for practical use of, 13 limitations of, 320-322 pericardiocentesis with, 186-188 positioning of patient in, 139 respiration effects in, 139-140 standardized views used in, 139 therapeutic interventions on, 315-323 Ultrasound cardiotomography, 13 Ultrasound, history of use of, 1-13 Ventricular aneurysms, 217 Ventricular septal defect (VSD) contrast echocardiography of, 341-343 double outlet right ventricle and, 378 hypoplastic left heart syndrome with, 395 indirect evidence of, 333-334 inlet septum defect in, 338 membranous, 334-337 mitral regurgitation differentiated from, 68 muscular, 337-338 after myocardial infarction, 216-217, 234-237 outlet septum defects in, 338-340 patent ductus arteriosus and, 347 persistent truncus arteriosus and, 377 tricuspid atresia and, 360 two-dimensional echocardiography of, 333-343