Diseases of the Spinal Cord

Diseases of the Spinal Cord

Elke Hattingen Stefan Weidauer Matthias Setzer Johannes C. Klein Frank Vrionis Editors Diseases of the Spinal Cord Novel Imaging, Diagnosis and Treatment

Editors Elke Hattingen Institute for Neuroradiology Goethe-University Stefan Weidauer Department of Neurology Sankt Katharinen Hospital Matthias Setzer Department of Neurosurgery Goethe-University Johannes C. Klein Brain Imaging Center (BIC) Department of Neurology Goethe-University Frank Vrionis University of South Florida H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center Tampa USA ISBN 978-3-642-54208-4 ISBN 978-3-642-54209-1 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-54209-1 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014949350 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher's location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Contents 1 Introduction.............................................. 1 Friedhelm E. Zanella, Helmuth Steinmetz, and Volker Seifert Part I Anatomy of the Spine and Spinal Cord 2 Anatomy of the Spine and Spinal Cord....................... 5 Se-Jong You and Elke Hattingen 3 Structures of the Spinal Canal............................... 29 Se-Jong You and Elke Hattingen Part II Imaging Methods 4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Methods................. 39 Thomas W. Okell, Elke Hattingen, Johannes C. Klein, and Karla L. Miller 5 Advanced MRI Methods................................... 85 Thomas W. Okell, Elke Hattingen, Johannes C. Klein, and Karla L. Miller 6 CSF Dynamics............................................ 93 Andreas Gottschalk 7 Contrast-Enhanced MR Myelography........................ 101 Elke Hattingen and Jürgen Beck 8 Myelography and Post-myelographic CT...................... 107 Elke Hattingen and Stefan Weidauer Part III Malformations of the Spine 9 Malformations of the Spine................................. 117 Luciana Porto v

vi Contents Part IV Diseases of Extramedullary Origin 10 Diseases of Extramedullary Origin: Degenerative Diseases....... 159 Stefan Weidauer, Michael Nichtweiß, Werner Wichmann, and Elke Hattingen 11 Extramedullary Space-Occupying Pathologies: Epidural and Intradural Extramedullary Disorders............ 201 Stefan Dützmann and Matthias Setzer 12 Spinal Trauma............................................ 243 Matthias Setzer 13 Meningeal Disorders....................................... 271 Marlies Wagner and Johannes C. Klein Part V Diseases of the Spinal Cord 14 Pathophysiological Regards................................. 303 Michael Nichtweiß 15 Inflammation of the Spinal Cord............................. 315 Michael Nichtweiß, Elke Hattingen, and Stefan Weidauer 16 Metabolic-Toxic Diseases and Atrophic Changes of the Spinal Cord.............................................. 369 Michael Nichtweiß, Elke Hattingen, and Stefan Weidauer 17 Gray Matter Diseases of the Spinal Cord...................... 389 Johannes C. Klein 18 Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors......................... 395 Kamran Aghayev and Frank Vrionis 19 Vascular Diseases of the Spine and Spinal Cord and Basics of Spinal Angiography and Vascular Interventions.............. 411 Joachim Berkefeld, Stefan Weidauer, and Elke Hattingen 20 Spinal Cord Infarction..................................... 435 Stefan Weidauer, Michael Nichtweiß, and Joachim Berkefeld Index........................................................ 453