Acting in an emergency Dr. Samer Sara 1
Acting in an emergency basic steps to follow: 1. Recognize the emergency. 2. Check the scene. 3. Call 110. 4. Check the victim. 5. Give first aid. 2 Dr. Samer Sara
Step1:Recognize the emergency When you see an injured or ill victim. When you see someone acting strangely You may hear signs of an emergency and realize that someone may be hurt. 3 Dr. Samer Sara
Step2:Check the scene Before going to the victim look for: 1. Danger: Smoke, flam. spilled gasoline. downed electrical wires. risk of explosion. building collapse. roadside dangers. violence from someone in the scene. 2. Other victims: the priority of actions. 3. Clues that determine what happened. 4 Dr. Samer Sara
Step3:Call 110 Call 110 immediately if you recognize a lifethreatening injury or illness. Don t try to transport a victim yourself. You may give some care before calling. 5 Dr. Samer Sara
Step 4 : Check the victim Apply the role Dr ABC: D: danger. R: response. A: airway. B: breathing. C: circulation. In the absence of life threatening conditions, check for less injuries. 6 Dr. Samer Sara
Step 5: Give first aid Basic life support to keep victim alive till the arrival of advanced help. In simple cases you can do some emergency procedures ( stop bleeding ). Don t administer medication. 7 Dr. Samer Sara
After the arrival of medical team: Continue giving first aid until they ask you to stop. You may still assist with crowd control, obtaining information from bystanders. At the end, be sure to wash your hands and clean the area well. 8 Dr. Samer Sara
ASSESSING THE VICTIM Initial assessment: check the immediate life threatening conditions Secondary assessment: victim s history and physical examination to check for any injuries. 9 Dr. Samer Sara
THE INITIAL ASSESSMENT Check for life threatening conditions: unresponsiveness breathing problem severe bleeding Don t move victim when doing the assessment except when absolutely necessary : 1. Victim faces immediate danger if not moved (fire-explosion-hazards-unsafe scene). 2. You cannot give lifesaving care because of the position or location of the victim. 10 Dr. Samer Sara
Means that victim is: Speaking, crying or moving. Presenting signal reactions. Responding through purposeful movements. A responsive victim who can`t speak, cry or cough may have an obstructed airway(choking). 11 Dr. Samer Sara
Unresponsiveness is critical emergency. If victim is on his back, the tongue may move backward and block the airway. 12 Dr. Samer Sara
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AVPU SCALE To assess the degree of responsiveness: A: Aware of time and place. V: responds to Verbal stimuli. P: responds to Painful stimuli: Simply: tap or shake the shoulders Sternal rub Nail bed squeeze Ear lobe squeeze U: Unresponsive to all stimuli. 14 Dr. Samer Sara
Responsive victim: Talking, crying = airway is open. Has wheezing = airway is partially blocked which is an emergency. 15 Dr. Samer Sara
Unresponsive victim: Determined whether victim is breathing by looking, listening, and feeling for breath through the nose, mouth and chest wall. If no signs of breathing, open the airway by tilting the head back and lifting the chin. 16 Dr. Samer Sara
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If unable to determine whether an unresponsive victim is breathing, move the victim into face-up position to open the airway and check for breathing. Carefully roll the victim onto his back, keeping the head in line with the body then open the airway. 18 Dr. Samer Sara
If no signs of breathing within 10 seconds, give rescue breaths. Lack of breathing may be caused by an obstructed airway: o Foreign body. o Swollen airway (allergy). o The tongue. 19 Dr. Samer Sara
Quickly look over the victim body for obvious blood. Control any severe bleeding with direct pressure. 20 Dr. Samer Sara
Recovery position: An unresponsive victim who is breathing and who is not suspected to have spinal injury, should be positioned on his left side. It allows fluids to drain from the mouth, so that victim does not choke by blood, vomit. It prevents victim from inhaling stomach contents if he vomits It keeps airway open. 21 Dr. Samer Sara
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The Secondary Assessment If the condition seems stable, then the secondary assessment can provide: -Accident information -History and physical examination Focus your attention on the injured area. 23 Dr. Samer Sara
Get the victim s history Mechanism of injury. SAMPLE format : S Signs and symptoms. A Allergies. M Medications. P Previous problems (DM). L Last food or drink. E Events (what happened). 24 Dr. Samer Sara
Physical examination Take the consent to do physical examination. Carefully remove clothes. During the examination watch any changes in victim status. Look for signs : pain when moving or touching. bleeding, wounds. deformity, asymmetry. skin color and temperature, swelling. abnormal sensation. 25 Dr. Samer Sara
Check the head and neck Don t move the head or neck. Gently feel the skull for depression. Check the nose and ears for blood or fluid. Check the pupils of eyes (equal size,respond to light ). Check the mouth: foreign body. 26 Dr. Samer Sara
Check the torso Chest: deformity, wounds, tenderness, blood. Ask the victim to take deep breath and look for symmetry and pain. Abdomen and pelvis: rigidity, pain, bleeding, stability, wounds. 27 Dr. Samer Sara
Check the extremities Bleeding. Temperature. Deformity. Movements. Pain. Sensation. 28 Dr. Samer Sara
Thank You 29 Dr. Samer Sara