Diseases related t Envirnmental hazards Objectives: Enlist and understand diseases related t envirnmental changes; Internatinally and Natinally Respiratry diseases (asthma, allergies, respiratry prblems) Cancers and chrnic diseases Vectr-brne diseases and zntic diseases Water brn, water related diseases Fd brn and nutritin related diseases Dne by: Team leaders: Khalid Aleisa & Ghada Alhadlaq Team members: Sadiq Arab, Reem Alsergani & Nurah Alhgail Revised by: Yara Aldigi Imprtant Extra Ntes Editing file 1
1) The Field f Envirnmental Health: anything surrunding the human Multidisciplinary field. Fcus n natural and man-made agents (physical, chemical r bilgical), transmitted thrugh the media f air, fd, water and sil t human by inhalatin, ingestin r skin absrptin. 2) Diseases Related t Envirnment: Mst f the diseases caused by r influenced by envirnmental factrs. Usually linked t: 1. Unsafe water/fd 2. Pr sanitatin 3. Indr air pllutin 4. Outdr air pllutin smking is bth indr and utdr but mainly indr and bth smkers and ex smkers have an effect Charcal ( fuels ) > indr pllutin Detergents and chemical substances like paint and pesticides > indr pllutin Factries, car exhaust, als smking > utdr air pllutin 3) Envirnmental Health Impact: Depends n: 1. Frequency f Expsure ( in histry :we ask hw many hurs did yu get expsed it?) 2. Individual characteristics: Age( elderly r children), Sex (male), Genetic predispsitin,individuals health and,disease status, Nutritin,Physical activity.) 4) Envirnmental Burden f Disease (Accrding t WHO): Envirnmental factrs are a rt cause f a significant disease burden, particularly in develping cuntries. ( because fuels and charcal are mre there ) An estimated 25% f death and disease glbally, and nearly 35% in regins such as sub-saharan Africa, is linked t envirnmental hazards. Sme key areas f risk include the fllwing: 2
Envirnmental Burden f Disease: 1. Unsafe water, pr sanitatin and hygiene kill an estimated 1.7 millin peple annually, particularly as a result f diarrheal disease. ( in children, chlera, typhid ) 2.Indr smke frm slid fuels kills an estimated 1.6 millin peple annually due t respiratry diseases. 3.Malaria kills ver 1.2 millin peple annually, mstly African children under the age f five. Cntributing factrs t the mst cmmn vectr-brne diseases including malaria, dengue and leishmaniasis. 1. Prly designed irrigatin and water systems 2. Inadequate husing 3. Pr waste dispsal and water strage 4.Urban air pllutin generated by vehicles, industries and energy prductin kills apprximately 800 000 peple annually. 5. Unintentinal acute pisnings kill 355 000 peple glbally each year. In develping cuntries, where tw-thirds f these deaths ccur, such pisnings are assciated strngly with excessive expsure t, and inapprpriate use f, txic chemicals and pesticides present in ccupatinal and/r dmestic envirnments. ( als lead) 6.Climate change impacts including mre extreme weather events, changed patterns f disease and effects n agricultural prductin, are estimated t cause ver 150 000 deaths annually. 3
5) Cmmn Envirnmental Diseases: Asthma, Respiratry Allergies, and Airway Diseases Vectr-brne and Zntic Diseases Heat-Related Mrbidity and Mrtality (ccupatinal) Neurlgical Diseases and Disrders Cancer Cardivascular Disease and Strke Fdbrne Diseases and Nutritin Mental Health and Stress-Related Disrders Waterbrne Diseases 6) Diseases Related t Air Pllutin: Primary Pllutants include 1. Nitrgen xides (NOx) - especially nitrgen Carbn mnxide - is a clrless, drless, nn-irritating but very pisnus gas 2. Carbn dixide (CO2) - a clrless, drless, nn- txic greenhuse gas assciated with cean acidificatin, emitted frm surces such as cmbustin, cement prductin, and respiratin 3. Particulate matter - Particulates, alternatively referred t as particulate matter (PM) r fine particles, are tiny particles f slid r liquid suspended in a gas. ( its a measure r indicatr f air pllutin) 4. Txic metals, such as lead and cpper. Secndary Pllutants include Are nt emitted directly. Rather, they frm in the air when primary pllutants react r interact. Include: Particulate matter frmed frm gaseus primary pllutants and cmpunds in phtchemical smg. ( like sunlight reacting with any particle) 4
There are tw main types f air pllutin: 1. Ambient air pllutin (utdr pllutin) 2. Husehld (r indr) air pllutin refers t pllutin generated by husehld burning f fuels (caused by burning fuel such as cal, wd r kersene) using pen fires r basic stves in prly ventilated spaces. Bth indr and utdr air pllutin can cntribute t each ther, as air mves frm inside buildings t the utside, and vice versa. 7) The Health Effects f Air Pllutin: Micrscpic pllutants in the air can slip past ur bdy s defenses, penetrating deep int ur respiratry and circulatry system, damaging ur lungs, heart and brain. (can als be intranatal ) One third f deaths frm strke, lung cancer and heart disease are due t air pllutin. direct air pllutin is mre dangerus in HTN than high salt fd This is having an equivalent effect t that f smking tbacc, and much higher than, say, the effects f eating t much salt. 8) Husehld Air Pllutin: kills 4 millin peple a year and tends t affect cuntries in Africa and Asia, where plluting fuels and technlgies are used every day particularly at hme fr cking, heating and lighting. Wmen and children, wh tend t spend mre time indrs, are affected the mst. men mstly utdr air pllutin The main pllutants: 1. Particulate matter: a mix f slid and liquid drplets arising mainly frm fuel cmbustin and rad traffic 2. Nitrgen dixide: frm rad traffic r indr gas ckers 3. Sulphur dixide: frm burning fssil fuels 4. Ozne: at grund level, caused by the reactin f sunlight with pllutants frm vehicle emissins. ( cause skin cancer) 5
9) The Health Effects f Air Pllutin: PM2.5 can penetrate the lung barrier and enter the bld system. They can increase the risk f heart and respiratry diseases, as well as lung cancer. Ozne is a majr factr in causing asthma (r making it wrse) Nitrgen dixide and sulfur dixide can als cause asthma, brnchial symptms, lung inflammatin and reduced lung functin. Air pllutin has a disastrus effect n children. Wrldwide, up t 14% f children aged 5 18 years have asthma relating t factrs including air pllutin. Every year, 543 000 children* yunger than 5 years die frm respiratry disease linked t air pllutin. Air pllutin is als linked t childhd cancers. Air pllutin effect n Pregnant wmen It can affect fetal brain grwth. Air pllutin is als linked t cgnitive impairment in bth children and adults. Water-brne Diseases Waterbrne diseases are caused by pathgenic micrrganisms that mst cmmnly are transmitted in cntaminated fresh water. Infectin cmmnly results during bathing, washing, drinking, in the preparatin f fd, r the cnsumptin f fd thus infected. Examples f Water-brne diseases: Pli, Malaria, Chlera, Dengue, Scabies and Typhid 6
Diarrhea Diarrhea is ne f the mst cmmn diseases caused by water pllutin. It is mst ften caused by water-brne viruses. But bacteria and parasites frm water cntaminated with feces are als cmmn causes. It results in passage f lse, watery stls that can cause dehydratin and death t yung children and infants. Chlera Is an infectin f the small intestine by the bacterium Vibri Chlerae. This disease can kill within hurs if nt treated n time. Symptms f chlera include diarrhea and vmiting, as well as abdminal cramps and headache. Accrding t the WHO, every year, there are 21,000 t 143,000 deaths wrldwide due t this infectin. Dysentery It is bldy diarrhea, i.e. any diarrheal episde in which the lse r watery stls cntain visible red bld. It is mst ften caused by Shigella species (bacillary dysentery) r Entameba histlytica (amebic dysentery). It is a cmbinatin f nausea, abdminal cramps cupled with severe diarrhea. In cases f acute dysentery, ne may als experience a high fever When either f these is ingested thrugh cntaminated water r fd, ne will develp dysentery within a perid f fur days. 7
Typhid fever Arund 12 millin peple are affected by Typhid fever acrss the wrld annually,. This infectin is caused by Salmnella Typhi bacteria. This disease is cntracted by cnsuming cntaminated fd r water. The bacteria pass thrugh the intestinal tract and can be identified in stl samples. Its symptms include nausea, lss f appetite, and headache Schistsmiasis This disease is caused by wrms that are spread by freshwater snails living in plluted water. It s very cmmn in rural areas where peple use lcal water bdies fr bathing and recreatinal purpses. The wrms in the water penetrate int ne s skin while in cntact with the cntaminated water, causing infectins in the liver, lungs, intestines, and bladder. Trachma (Eye Infectin) This infectin is caused by bacterium Chlamydia Trachmatis that s fund in cntaminated water. Trachma results in a carsening f the inner surface f the eyelids. This leads t pain in the eyes, lesin n the uter surface f crnea, and eventual blindness. Trachma spreads because f pr sanitatin and hygiene cnditins. 8
Vectr brne Diseases Water pllutin has resulted in increased breeding f parasite- carrying msquites. Malaria is a disease caused by parasites, which are spread by female msquites called Anpheles Insect: msquites, Organism: prtzan, Plasmdium falciparum, P. vivax, P. vale, P. malariae, P. knwlesi When msquites bite a persn infected with malaria, they can spread the infectin t ther peple. This disease causes high fever, headache, and shivering. In severe cases, it can even lead t cmplicatins like severe anaemia, cma, and death. Malaria Yellw fever Yellw fever is an acute viral hemrrhagic disease transmitted by infected msquites. The "yellw" in the name refers t the jaundice that affects sme patients. Symptms f yellw fever include fever, headache, jaundice, muscle pain, nausea, vmiting and fatigue. Insects: Msquites Organism: Virus, Flavivirus Is a hemrrhagic fever that riginated in the central belt f Africa but spread t Suth America in the 17th century with the slave trade. It is endemic in 34 cuntries in Africa where the majrity f the estimated 30,000 deaths frm 200,000 infectins a year ccur 9
Dengue fever Is the mst imprtant msquit-brne viral disease in the wrld The infectin causes flu-like illness, and ccasinally develps int a ptentially lethal cmplicatin called severe dengue. Accrding t WHO, which has targeted it as ne f 17 Neglected Trpical Diseases fr majr campaigns fr awareness and eradicatin. It is endemic in ver 100 cuntries acrss the trpics, frm central and Suth America, Africa, Suth and Sutheast Asia and t the Pacific Islands. It has increased rapidly ver the last few decades in urban sprawls that prvide ideal cnditins fr breeding. The WHO estimates that there are 50-100 millin infectins a year and half the wrld s ppulatin live in cuntries where it is endemic. Key areas f risk linked t envirnmental hazard include the fllwing: 1. Unsafe water, pr sanitatin and hygiene 2. Indr smke frm slid fuels 3. Urban air pllutin 4. Water and fd brne diseases 5. Unintentinal acute pisnings 6. Climate changes 10
Summary 1) The Field f Envirnmental Health: That fcus n natural and man-made agents 2) Diseases Related t Envirnment linked t: 1. Unsafe water/fd 2.Pr sanitatin 3.Indr air pllutin 4.Outdr air pllutin 3) Envirnmental Health Impact Depends n: 1. Frequency f Expsure 2.Individual characteristics 4) Envirnmental Burden f Disease (Accrding t WHO): key areas f risk include: Envirnmental Burden f Disease: 1.Unsafe water, pr sanitatin and hygiene 2.Indr smke frm slid fuels 3.Malaria Cntributing factrs t the mst cmmn vectr-brne diseases including malaria, dengue and leishmaniasis. 1. Prly designed irrigatin and water systems 2. Inadequate husing 3. Pr waste dispsal and water strage 4. Urban air pllutin generated by vehicles, industries and energy prductin 5. Unintentinal acute pisnings 6. Climate change 5) Cmmn Envirnmental Diseases: 1. Asthma, Respiratry Allergies, and Airway Diseases 2. Vectr-brne and Zntic Diseases 3. Heat-Related Mrbidity and Mrtality 4. Neurlgical Diseases and Disrders 5. Cancer 6. Cardivascular Disease and Strke 7. Fdbrne Diseases and Nutritin 8. Mental Health and Stress-Related Disrders 9. Waterbrne Diseases 11
6) Diseases Related t Air Pllutin: Primary Pllutants include : 1. Nitrgen xides (NOx) very pisnus gas 2.Carbn dixide (CO2) - nn- txic 3.Particulate matter 4.Txic metals, such as lead and cpper. The delayed expsure t lead is weeks t mnths Secndary Pllutants include : Particulate matter frmed frm gaseus primary pllutants and cmpunds in phtchemical smg. There are tw main types f air pllutin: 1. Ambient air pllutin (utdr pllutin) 2.Husehld (r indr) 3. Bth indr and utdr air pllutin can cntribute t each ther, 7) The Health Effects f Air Pllutin: deaths frm strke, lung cancer and heart disease 8) Husehld Air Pllutin:The main pllutants: 1. Particulate matter 2.Nitrgen dixide3. Sulphur dixide 4.Ozne 9) The Health Effects f Air Pllutin: PM2.5 -Ozne -Nitrgen Air pllutin has a disastrus effect n children. Air pllutin effect n Pregnant wmen The bilgical cnsequences f the zne depletin are: increased skin cancer, crtical cataracts, and reductin f planktn ppulatins. 12
Water-brne Diseases: cmmnly results during bathing, washing, drinking, in the preparatin f fd, r th cnsumptin f fd thus infected. Examples :: Pli, Malaria, Chlera, Dengue, Scabies and Typhid Diarrhea Chlera Dysentery Typhid fever Schistsmiasis Trachma (Eye Infectin) Caused by water-brne viruses. But bacteria and parasites frm water cntaminated with feces are als cmmn causes. Watery stls can cause dehydratin and death t yung children and infants. Is an infectin f the small intestine by the bacterium Vibri Chlerae. Can kill within hurs if nt treated n time. Symptms :diarrhea and vmiting, as well as abdminal cramps and headache. Diarrheal cntain visible red bld. It is mst ften caused by Shigella species r Entameba histlytica Cmbinatin f nausea, abdminal cramps cupled with severe diarrhea. This infectin is caused by Salmnella Typhi bacteria. This disease is cntracted by cnsuming cntaminated fd r water. Its symptms include nausea, lss f appetite, and headache This is caused by wrms that are spread by freshwater snails living in plluted water. Caused by Chlamydia Trachmatis Trachma results in a carsening f the inner surface f the eyelids. This leads t pain in the eyes, lesin n the uter surface f crnea, and eventual blindness. 13
Malaria Vectr brne Diseases Water pllutin has resulted in increased breeding f parasite- carrying msquites. Insect: msquites, Organism: prtzan, Plasmdium falciparum, P. vivax, P. vale, P. malariae, P. knwlesi This disease causes high fever, headache, and shivering. In severe cases, it can even lead t cmplicatins like severe anaemia, cma, and death. Yellw fever Dengue fever Acute viral hemrrhagic disease transmitted by infected msquites. The "yellw" in the name refers t the jaundice that affects sme patients. Symptms : fever, headache, jaundice, muscle pain, nausea, vmiting and fatigue. Insects: Msquites Organism: Virus, Flavivirus Is the mst imprtant msquit-brne viral disease in the wrld It is endemic in ver 100 cuntries acrss the trpics, frm central and Suth America, Africa, Suth and Sutheast Asia and t the Pacific Islands. It has increased rapidly ver the last few decades in urban sprawls that prvide ideal cnditins fr breeding. 14
Questins : Q1: Which f the fllwing is the 'Delay expsure' t lead? A. Secnds t minute B. Minutes t hur C. Hurs t week D. Weeks t mnths Q2: What are the bilgical cnsequences f the zne depletin? A. Increase ral cancer,central cataract,reductin f animal ppulatins B. Increase lung cancer,glaucma,reductin f yunger ppulatins C. Increased skin cancer,crtical cataracts,reductin f planktn ppulatins D. Increased laryngeal cancer,glaucmatus cataracts,reductin f different ppulatin Q3: Which f the fllwing is caused by Plasmdium falciparum? A. Typhid fever B. Trachma C. Yellw fever D. malaria Q4: Which f the fllwing is a Secndary Pllutant? A. Nitrgen xides (NOx) B. Phtchemical smg C. Particulate matter D. Lead Q5: All f the fllwing is a cntributing factrs t the mst cmmn vectr-brne diseases except: A. Pr ventilatin B. Prly designed irrigatin and water systems C. Inadequate husing D. Pr waste dispsal and water strage Q1:D Q2:C Q3:D Q4:B Q5:A 15
Gd luck! 16