Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Abdomen, and aorta, as causes of shock, point-of-care ultrasonography in assessment of, 915 917 Abdominal compartment syndrome, trauma patient in shock and, 788 Abdominal injury, in children, 943 Anaphylaxis, definition of, 829 treatment of, 829 Anticoagulants, and reversal of, 803 Antimicrobials, and vasopressors, in septic shock, 826 827 classification of, 839 in severe sepsis, 835 849 selection of, in antimicrobial shortages, 844 845 pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles and, 838 841 Aorta, and abdomen, as causes of shock, point-of-care ultrasonography in assessment of, 915 917 Atelectrauma, 874 B ß-Lactamases, extended spectrum, infections caused by, treatment of, 837 Bioethics, 962 965 autonomy/patient self-determination, 963 futility in medicine and, 964 justice and, 963 964 Blood, and transfusion components, 799 Blood cells, red packed, transfusion of, 802 Brain injury, traumatic, neurologic injuries associated with, 891 surgical management of, 895, 896 C Cancer, in children, 942 metastatic, end of life and, 956 Cardiac arrest, out-of-hospital, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for, 862 863 Cardiac output monitor, noninvasive, bioreactance, 818 819 ultrasonic, 818 Cardiogenic shock, causes of, point-of-care ultrasonography in assessment of, 908 914 following myocardial infarction, 827 828 Cardiopulmonary arrest, care following, 828 829 Child(ren), abdominal injury in, 943 cancer in, 942 Emerg Med Clin N Am 32 (2014) 975 982 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8627(14)00093-5 0733-8627/14/$ see front matter ª 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. emed.theclinics.com
976 Child(ren) (continued) central venous lines for, 947 difficult airway in, 945, 946 ductal-dependent heart disease in, 940 941 endotracheal tubes in, cannulation size of, 945 946 head trauma in, 942 ill, resuscitation of, general approach to, 939 943 intraosseous lines for, 946 947 intubation/rapid sequence intubation of, 944 945 malrotation and midgut volvulus in, 940 metabolic diseases in, 940 noninvasive positive pressure ventilation of, 944 respiratory arrest in, 943 944 seizures in, 941 942 septic, 941 severe illness in, common sources of, 940 943 spinal injuries in, 942 943 status epilepticus in, 941 thoracostomy tubes for, 947 948 trauma to, incidence of, 942, 943 Circulatory overload, transfusion-associated, 802 Circulatory support, mechanical, 851 869 Coagulation, monitoring of, 798 799 Coagulation cascade, 798 Coagulopathy, and hemorrhage, in critically ill, 797 810 vitamin K and, 803, 804 D Death, imminent, syndrome of, 957 sudden, resuscitation efforts and, 957 Dehydration, at end of life, 967 Dementia, advanced, end of life and, 956 957 Demyelinating disease, fulminant, 935 936 peripheral, 928 Dobutamine, 826, 827 Dopamine, 825, 827 Dying, diagnosing of, 956 957 Dyspnea, at end of life, 965 967 E Echocardiography, transthoracic and transesophageal, in circulatory failure, 921 923 Encephalitis, 931 antibody-mediated, 934 935 viral, 933 End-expiratory occlusion test, 815 End of life, communication at, 957 dehydration at, 967 dyspnea at, 965 967 ethical issues encountered at, 963
977 goals of care at, determinaion of, 960 962 life-sustaining treatments at, 957 958 palliative care at, 967 968 symptom management at, 965 End-of-life/palliative care/ethics, 955 974 Endotracheal tubes, for children, 947 948 Epinephrine, 825, 827, 829 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, clinical uses for, 861 863 for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, 862 863 in acute respiratory distress syndrome, 882 883 in myocarditis, 861 862 in toxic overdoses, 861 pump set-up and cannulation, 859 861 F Factor VII, activated, for treatment of bleeding, 804 805 Fresh frozen plasma, 803, 804 G Guillain-Barre syndrome, 928 H Head injury, neurologic injuries associated with, 890 891 Head trauma, in children, 942 Heart, Frank-Starling relationship of, 812 Heart disease, ductal-dependent, in children, 940 941 Heart failure, acute decompensated, treatment of, 828 congestive, end of life and, 956 Heart-lung interactions, oxygen delivery and, 872 873 Hemodynamic monitoring, devices for, 816 817 Hemodynamic monitors, invasive, 817 818 noninvasive, 818 819 Hemorrhage, and coagulopathy, in critically ill, 797 810 Hemothorax, and pheumothorax, as causes of hypotension, point-of-care ultrasonography in assessment of, 917 Hypercapnia, invasive mechanical ventilation and, 873 874 Hyperoxemia, 873 Hyperoxia, oxygenation and, in normal and abnormal lungs, 872 I Inferior vena cava distensibility index, 814 815 Inotropes, and pressors, 823 834 physiology of, 823 825 Intra-aortic balloon pump, for mechanical support in cardiogenic shock, 852 853 Isoproterenol, 826 L Leg raise, passive, 815 816 Levosimendan, 826
978 Life-sustaining therapy, at end of life, 957 958 questions of family concerning, 959 Listeriosis, central nervous system, 934 Lung injury, acute, transfusion-related, 801 802 ventilator-induced, 874 Lung-protective ventilation, mechanical, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, 874, 875 Lung-protective ventilation strategies, and adjunctive treatments for patient with acute respiratory failure, 871 887 Lung recruitment, open, and optimal positive end-expiratory pressure, 876 877 M Mechanical ventilation, crashing patient on, algorithm for approach to, 880 882 invasive, 871 and hypercapnia, 873 874 lung-protective, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, 874, 875 settings, algorithm for initiating, 877 879 Meningitis, 931 Meningitis/encephalitis, bacterial, 932 933 Meningoencephalitis, 931 Milrinone, 826 Multiple sclerosis, tumefactive, 935 Myasthenia gravis, 928 929 Myocardial infarction, cardiogenic shock following, 827 828 Myocarditis, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in, 861 862 N Neonate, illness of, common sources of, 940 941 Neurocritical care, select topics in, 927 938 Neurogenic shock, treatment of, 829 Neuroimmunology, 934 936 Neuroinfectious disease, 931 Neurologic injuries, associated with trauma, 890 891 Neuromuscular blocking agents, 878 879 Neuromuscular disease, 927 934 acute respiratory failure in, 929 931 management strategies in, 932 934 Neuromuscular junction disorders, 928 929 Neuromyelitis optica, 936 Neurotrauma, 889 905 airway, breathing, and circulation assessment in, 892 approach and resuscitation strategies for patient with, 892 894 current therapies in, evidence for, 894 899 epidemiology of, 890 fluid resuscitation in, 892 hyperosmolar therapies in, 895 897 hypothermia in, 898 induced hypertension in, 897 infection prophylaxis in, 899 intracranial pressure assessment in, 892 894
979 intracranial pressure monitoring in, 894 895 neurocritical care in, future of, 899 pharmacologic coma and, 898 restoration of cerebral perfusion in, 894 seizure prophylaxis in, 898, 899 steroids in, 897 surgical decompression in, 895, 896 Norepinephrine (Levophed), 825, 827 O Occlusion test, end-expiratory, 815 Organ donation, and declaration of death, 965 Oxygen delivery, and heart-lung interactions, 872 873 Oxygenation, and hyperoxia, in normal and abnormal lungs, 872 P Pediatric critical care, 939 954 Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles, antimicrobial selection and, 838 841 Phenylephrine, 825 826, 827 Pheumothorax, and hemothorax, as causes of hypotension, point-of-care ultrasonography in assessment of, 917 Plateau pressures, inspiratory, limiting of, 875 Positive end-expiratory pressure, optimal, and open lung recruitment, 876 877 Pressors, and inotropes, 823 834 physiology of, 823 825 Procalcitonin, 841 842 Prothrombin complex concentrate, for treatment of bleeding, 804, 805 Pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive, end of life and, 956 Pulse pressure variation, and stroke volume variation, 813 814 R Respiratory arrest, in children, 943 944 Respiratory distress syndrome, acute, and lung-protective ventilation, 874, 875 extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in, 882 883 Respiratory failure, acute, adjunctive maneuers in, 877 878 epidemiology/statement of, 8772 in neuromuscular disease, 932 934 lung-protective ventilation strategies and adjunctive treatments for patient with, 871 887 pathophysiology of, 872 prone positioning in, 882 point-of-care ultrasonography to determine causes of, 917 919 Rhombencephalitis, 931, 934 S Seizures, in children, 941 942 Sepsis, biomarkers of, 841 844 definition of, 836
980 Sepsis (continued) severe, and septic shock, afterload optimization in, 764 antibiotics in, 763, 840 criteria for, 760, 761 definitions of, 760 early identification of, 761 763 epidemiology of, 759 760 future directions in, 767 768 global tissue hypoxia in, 773 reversal of, 774 glycemic control in, 765 goal-directed therapy in, 763 lactate elevation in, screening for, 762 lung-protective ventilation in, 765 management of patients with, 759 776 organ dysfunction in, 762 763 pathophysiology of, 760 761 preload optimization in, 763 764 sepsis bundles in, 766 treatment of, 765 steroid replacement in, 765 767 treatment of, 763 767 vital sign abnormalities in, 762 and shock, clinical practice guidelines in, 842 844 antimicrobial considerations in, 835 849 antimicrobial selection in, general approach to, 836 838 Shock, 747 758 abdomen and aorta as causes of, point-of-care ultrasonography in assessment of, 915 917 and severe sepsis, clinical practice guidelines in, 842 844 assessing volume status in, 811 822 cardiogenic, following myocardial infarction, 827 828 point-of-care ultrasonography in assessment of, 908 914 causes of, 748 clinical presentation of, 749 definition of, 747 initial ED assessment in, 749 757 initial ED management in, 752 755 pathophysiology of, 747 748 physical examination in, 812 813 pipe assessment in, 757 pipe dysfunction in, 753, 754 755 pump assessment in, 749 750 septic, and severe sepsis. See Sepsis, severe, and septic shock. antimicrobials and vasopressors in, 826 827 tank assessment in, 750 752 tank dysfunction in, 753 754 trauma patient in, abdominal compartment syndrome and, 788 abdominal examination in, 781 782 assessment and treatment of, 777 795 assessment of body compartments in, 778 783
981 chest examination in, 779 781 compartments examination in, 782 784 damage control in, 787 head/neck examination in, 778 779, 780 imaging in, general trends in, 784 788 kidney assessment in, 786 787 liver assessment in, 785 786 resuscitation of, 778 spleen assessment in, 784 785 ultrasound findings in, 749, 750, 751 Spinal cord injury, traumatic, neurologic injuries associated with, 891 Spinal injuries, in children, 941 942 Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant, risk factors for, 837 Status epilepticus, in children, 941 Streptococcus pneumoniae, drug-resistant, risk factors for, 837 Stroke volume, assessment of, in shock, 811 822 variation of, pulse pressure variation and, 813 814 T Thoracostomy tubes, for children, 947 948 Thromboelastography, 799 Tidal volume(s), lower, to prevent lung injury, 874 optimal, selection of, 875 876 Tranexamic acid, for treatment of bleeding, 805 806 Transfusion, in critically ill, 801 indications for, 800 massive, protocols and ratios for, 800 801 risks of, and reactions to, 801 803 Trauma, neurologic injuries associated with, 890 891 U Ultrasonic cardiac output monitor, 818 Ultrasonography, critical care, 907 926 findings in shock, 749, 750, 751 point-of-care, 907 in assessment of abdomen and aorta as causes of shock, 914 915 in assessment of cardiogenic causes of shock, 908, 909 in assessment of hemothorax and pheumothorax as causes of hypotension, 917 multisystem protocols for, 908, 909 neurologic applications of, 921, 922 resuscitative end points and, 920 921 to determine causes of respiratory failure, 917 919 using inferior vena cava to estimate fluid responsiveness, 914 915 Unstable patients, goals of care in, 957 959 V Vasodilators, pulmonary, inhaled, 879 882 Vasopressin, 827
982 Vasopressors, and antimicrobials, in septic shock, 826 827 Ventricular assist device, arrhythmias associated with, 858 common complications of, 855 856 for mechanical circulatory support, 853 855 infectious complications of, 856 858 mechanical failure of, 858 859 Vitamin K, and coagulopathy, 803, 804