Index Africa ix-x, 62, 64, 67, 75, 95-100, 152, 159, 161, 217, 237-238, 245-248, 253-255, 276, 279, 288 See also entries for individual countries Aging xiii, 2, 95, 191-193, 195, 197-199, 201, 205, 207-208, 210-213 See also Alzheimer s Disease; Dementia; Cardiovascular disease; Diabetes; Great Ape Aging Project; Menopause; National Institute of Aging; Parkinson s disease Alzheimer s disease 192, 196, 198-199, 207-209, 211-213 See also Aging; Dementia American Sign Language (ASL) ix, 49, 167-168, 288 See also Gardner; Koko; Language; Michael; Washoe American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA) 104, 191, 197 Amis des Animaux du Congo 69, 71 Angola 153 See also Africa Angolan black and white colobus (Colobus angolensis) 77 See also Monkey; Old World Animal rights xiii, 101-102 Anterior cingulate cortex 198, 212 Anthropoid 21, 26, 28, 36-37, 41, 44, 46 See also Hominoid; New World ; Old World ; entries for species Anthropoidea See Anthropoid Aotus See Owl Ape ix, xi-xiv, 1-3, 5, 14, 37-38, 40-41, 45-46, 49-50, 55-56, 91, 95, 104, 135, 146, 161, 191-192, 195, 197-198, 205, 210-213, 227, 231, 237-239, 243-244, 246, 248, 250, 275-278, 281, 283, 286-290 See also Gibbon; Great Apes; Hominoid; species entries Aquinas, Thomas 286 Aristotle 285 ASL See American Sign Language Baboon 25, 111, 117, 212 See also Monkey; Old World ; Savannah baboon; Yellow baboon Basankusu 61, 68, 72, 238, 262, 266-272 See also Democratic Republic of Congo Biomedical research 95, 101-101, 197 Blackback gorilla See Gorilla 293 Black mangabey (Lophocebus aterrimus) 77 See also Monkey; Old World Blue (Cercopithecus mitis) 111-112, 119-120 See also Monkey; Old World Bonobo (Pan paniscus) aging and, 198, 212; conservation and, ix, xi-xiii, 1-2, 55-72, 83-90, 95, 108, 152, 155, 160, 192-193, 243-244, 259-271, 277; copulation and, 192, 217-228; models of human evolution and, 5-14; personhood and, 286-287; reproduction and, 203, 217-228 See also Ape; Great apes; Hominoid Bonobo in Situ Project 64, 72, 238, 260 Bonobo Protection Fund 68, 81, 265 Budongo Forest 88, 99 Burundi 98 See also Africa Bushbaby 212 See also Prisomians Bushmeat xiii, 63-64, 66, 71, 97, 99, 149, 153-154, 159-160, 162, 165, 172, 217, 237-238, 241-248, 250-253, 255, 259-261, 263-266, 268-269, 271, 277 See also Bushmeat Project; Conservation Bushmeat Project 172 See also Bushmeat; Conservation Bwindi gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) See also Gorilla Cameroon 64, 97, 128, 152-153, 160, 172, 240, 243-244, 247-248, 253, 277 See also Africa Captive ix, xiii, 91-92, 96, 100-103, 149-151, 153-155, 157-158, 161-162, 177, 189, 191-192, 196, 205, 217, 228, 239, 243, 245 See also Captive management; Captive Breeding Specialist Group; Sanctuaries; Zoos Captive Breeding Specialist Group (CBSG) 158 See also Captive Captive management 151, 158, 228 See also Captive Capuchin (Cebus) 37, 108 See also Monkey; New World Cardiovascular disease 153, 196, 202 See also Aging CBSG See Captive Breeding Specialist Group Cebus See Capuchin Census 55-56, 84-86, 88-89, 122, 124, 217, 271 See also Nest count
294 Index Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species (CRES) 217-217, 227 Central African Republic 11, 153, 159, 277-280 See also Africa Central Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) See Chimpanzee Cercopithecoidea See Old World Cercopithecus aethiops See Vervet Cercopithecus ascanius See Red-tailed Cercopithecus mitis See Blue Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes): aging and, 193, 202-203, 210-213; cannibalism and, 111; census and, 85, 87-88; coalition and, 125; cognition and 47, 131-146, 167, 170; conservation and, ix, xi-xii, 55-57, 60, 62, 67-68, 76, 91-92, 95-106, 152, 154-157, 159-160, 165, 177, 238, 243-247, 249, 255, 259-260, 277, 280-281; copulation and, 193, 231-235; entertanment industry and, 91, 95, 100, 103, 246, 248; language and, 167; models of human evolution and, 1-2, 5-14, 275; predation (hunting) and, 13, 91-92, 107-126; personhood and, 283-290; primate evolution and, 19-21, 25, 27-31; sexual behavior and, 193, 196-198, 232-234; sharing and, 110 See also Ape; Great ape; Hominoid Christian Environmental Council 250, 256 CITES See Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Cognition 2-3, 35, 49-50, 92, 149, 166, 170, 195-196, 198-199 See also Cognitive maps; Self-awareness Cognitive maps 132 See also Cognition Colobus angolensis See Angolan black and white colobus Colobus badius See Red colobus Confiscation 70-71, 100-101, 278 See also Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Congo 55, 57-59, 61, 63, 69, 71-72, 75, 83, 85, 78, 89, 153, 159, 210, 238, 243, 245, 253, 259, 261-262, 264, 271-272, 276, 278 See also Africa Congo River 55, 58-59, 61, 63, 71, 259 Conservation xixiii, 2, 30, 55, 57-58, 62, 65-72, 75, 77-81, 91, 96, 99-100, 151-152, 158-161, 171-174, 191, 228, 237-239, 241-242, 244-255, 260-261, 265, 270, 272 See also Bushmeat Project; Confiscation; Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora; Endangered species; Species Survival Plan Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) 102, 238, 251-252, 278-280 See also Confiscation; Conservation; Endaghered Species Convergence (in evolutionary theory) 14, 22, 202, 262 Cote d Ivoire See Ivory Coast Coulston Foundation 102, 197 CRES See Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli) See Gorilla Declaration on Great Apes 286 Dementia 207 See also Aging; Alzheimer s Disease Democratic Republic of Congo 57, 63-64, 67, 69-72, 75, 80, 83, 85, 159, 238, 257, 271, 276-277, 279-280 See also Africa; Basankusu; Isamondje; Kinshasa;Zaire Descartes, René 283 Diabetes 144, 192, 196, 201-202, 204-205 See also Aging; National Institute on Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disorders Diet See Nutrition Disease 97-98, 99, 110, 153-154, 191-192, 196-199, 202, 205, 207-209, 211-213, 238, 249, 289 See also Captive Management DNA 1-2, 19, 29-30, 278-281, 287 Dominance 13, 193, 231, 235 East Nigeria West Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes vellerosus) See Chimpanzee Eastern chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) See Chimpanzee Endangered species 70, 165, 217, 251, 262 See also Conservation
Index 295 Entebbe Wildlife Education Center 99 Epictetus 284 Equatorial Guinea 153 See also Africa Erythrocebus patas See Patas Estrogen 192, 218-221, 225-228 Gabon 64, 153, 159, 244 See also Africa Galago 114 See also Prosimians Gardner, Beatrice and Allen R. 167 See also American Sign Language; Washoe Gibbon (Hylobatidae) ix, 2-3, 5, 25, 37, 41, 45, 47, 50, 203, 212 See also Ape; Hominoid; Siamang Gorilla (Gorilla): aging and, 198, 203, 211-212; captive management and, 153-158; cognition and, 2, 37, 49, 149-151, 165-175; conservation and, ix, xii, 62, 70, 95, 149-162, 238-239, 242-245, 247-249, 255, 275-281; models of human evolution and, 1, 5-12; moral status and, 160-161; personhood and, 283-290; primate evolution and, 25, 27; social behavior and, 177-189 Gorilla beringei beringei See Gorilla Gorilla beringei graueri See Gorilla Gorilla gorilla diehli See Gorilla Gorilla gorilla gorilla See Gorilla Gorilla Foundation 151, 154, 156, 158, 160-162, 166, 169, 171, 173 Grauer s gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) See Gorilla Great Ape Aging Project 191-192, 195-197, 205, 210-213 See also Aging Great apes ix-xiii, 2-3, 9-11, 45, 47-50, 70, 72, 95-96, 135, 151, 156, 161-162, 167, 170, 174, 177, 191-192, 195-199, 201-205, 207-213, 217, 231, 237-239, 242, 245-247, 276, 286-290 See also Ape; Hominoid; See also species entries Habitat destruction 58, 95, 217, 237 See also Logging Habituation 98 Hominid xiii, 13-14, 20, 192, 212, 255, 275 See also Hominoid; Homo; Homo sapiens Hominidae See Hominid Hominoid 3, 5-6, 20, 21, 27, 35, 38-42, 44-47, 50, 275 See also Anthropoid; Ape; Gibbon; Great ape; Hominid; See also species entries Homo 11, 13, 19-21, 25, 27-30, 35, 37, 275, 284, 287 See also Hominid; Homo sapiens Homo sapiens 29, 37, 275, 284, 287 See also Hominid; Homo Hunting xiii, 13, 55, 58, 61-65, 70-71, 77-79, 83, 87-88, 91-92, 98-99, 108-110, 114-118, 120, 122, 124-126, 149, 166, 172, 237-239, 242-245, 247-248, 253, 261-267, 270-271, 276-278, 280 See also Bushmeat Hylobatidae See Gibbon In Defense of Animals 102 Infections See Disease Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature 68 International Species Inventory System 197 Isamondje 59, 260 See also Domocratic Republic of Congo ISIS See International Species Inventory System IUCN See World Conservation Union Ivory Coast 98, 107 See also Africa Iyema-Lomako 59, 63, 260 Kant, Imanuel 283, 287 Kenya 98, 277-281 See also Africa Kibale 85, 87, 89, 99 Kinshasa 60, 65-66, 68-72, 238, 244, 263, 265-266, 272, 277-279 See also Democratic Republic of Congo Koko 149, 151, 155-156, 160-162, 165-175, 248, 288 See also American Sign Language; Language; Michael; Washoe Language 3, 48-49, 78, 91, 131-133, 149, 155, 158, 160, 165-172, 277, 288 See also American Sign Language; Koko; Michael; Washoe Lemur 212 See also Prosimians Lesser apes See Gibbon Logging 56, 62-64, 67, 70, 76, 97, 99, 153, 159-160, 237-238, 242-245, 253, 258, 260-264, 271 See also Habitat Destruction
296 Index Lomako Forest 62-63, 67-68, 80, 87, 259-262, 270-271 See also Lomoko Reserve Lomako Forest Pygmy Chimpanzee Project 59, 67, 260, 262 Lomako Reserve 60-61, 67-68, 260-261, 265, 271 See also Lomoko Forest Lomami River 58 Lophocebus aterrimus See Black mangabey Lukuru Wildlife Research Project 55, 59, 67,75, 81 Luo Scientific Reserve 56, 68, 70, 83-85 Macaca maurus See Sulawesi macaques Macaca mulatta See Rhesus macaque Macaca nigra See Sulawesi macaques Macaque 47, 134, 198, 202-203, 208, 212 See also Monkey; Old World ; Rhesus macaque; Sulawesi macaques; See also species entries Mahale 91-92, 98, 107-112, 114-120, 122-127 Mammals 1-2, 12, 19-20, 24, 92, 99, 107-109, 111-112, 114-115, 120, 122, 198, 242, 279 Max-PlanckInstitute 71 Menopause 192, 218, 225, 227-228 See also Aging Michael 110, 127, 151, 155-156, 160, 165-166, 168-169, 172-173, 175, 288 See also American Sign Language; Language; Koko; Washoe Mitochondrial DNA 1, 29-30 See also DNA Monkey 20, 26-28, 37-45, 47-50, 77, 92, 107-112, 114-120, 122-125, 134, 161, 203, 212, 241-243, 246-248, 250 See also Anthropoid; Baboon; Macaque; New World ; Old World ; See also species entries Mount Sinai School of Medicine 199, 211 Mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) See Gorilla National Institutes of Health (NIH) 102, 199, 205, 213, 234, 236 National Institute on Aging (NIA) 199, 205 See also Aging National Institute on Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disorders 204-205 See also Diabetes Necropsy 197, 204 Nest count 56, 61, 85, 87-89 See also Census Neurobiology 195, 198-199 New Iberia Research Center 197 New World 20, 27-28, 212 See also Anthropoid; Monkey; See also species entries Ngogo 91-92, 107-109, 119, 122, 124, 126 NIA see National Institute on Aging Nigeria 152-153, 159 See also Africa NIH See National Institutes of Health Nonhuman primates 103-104, 133, 201-204, 231, 246, 249, 255 See also Primates; See also species entries Nutrition 10, 88, 91, 196 See also Captive Management; Husbandry Ohio State University Chimpanzee Center 135 Old World 26, 203, 208 See also Anthropoid; Baboon; Macaque; Monkey; See also species entries Orangutan (Pongo) ix, xi-xiii, 2, 9-11, 20, 25, 29-30, 56, 95, 108, 170, 177, 198-199, 202-203, 205, 210-212, 231, 249, 286-289 Ouranopithecus 21, 28 Ovulation 12, 14, 225, 228, 231-232 Owl (Aotus) 212 See also Monkey; New World Paleontology 19-20, 27 Pan paniscus See Bonobo Pan troglodytes See Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii See Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes See Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes vellerosus See Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes verus See Chimpanzee Papio cynocephalus See Yellow baboon Parallelism (in evolution) 22, 133, 222 Parkinson s disease 197, 207-208, 211, 213 See also Aging Patas (Erythrocebus patas) 37, 203 See also Monkey; Old World Pet trade 63, 66, 91, 95, 100, 103, 149 Pongo See Orangutan
Index 297 Population Habitat Viability Analysis 70-71, 158 Prey selectivity 108, 122-124 Primarily Primates 100, 102, 197 Primates 1-2, 19-23, 25-31, 35-38, 47, 62-63, 72, 75, 83, 91, 99-100, 102-104, 108, 112, 114, 116, 133, 135, 149, 159, 162, 171, 174, 191-192, 196-199, 201-205, 208-209, 212, 231, 237, 241-242, 244-250, 252, 255, 266, 268 See also Nonhuman Primates; See also species entries Primate evolution 26, 31, 35, 38 Primate Foundation of Arizona 100, 197 Procolobus [badius] tholloni See Red colobus Progestin 219, 222, 224-228 Prosimians 26, 212 See also Bushbaby; Galago; Lemur; Tarsiers Red colobus (Colobus badius) 77, 107, 111-112, 114 See also Monkey; Old World Red List of Threatened Species 70, 91, 96, 149, 152-153, 242 See also World Conservation Union Red-tailed (Cercopithecus ascanius) 111-112, 114-116, 120, 122-124 See also Monkey; Old World Reserve xiii, 56, 60-61, 67-68, 70, 83-88, 98, 152, 242, 244-245, 247, 251, 253, 259-263, 265, 270-271 Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) 134, 198, 203 See also Macaque; Monkey; Old World Saimiri See Squirrel Salonga National Park 55-56, 59-62, 68, 70-71, 78, 80, 261 Sanctuaries 55, 69-71, 79, 100, 102-104, 151, 160, 174, 197-198, 245, 250 See also Captive Savannah baboon 108 See also Baboon; Monkey; Old World Scripps Research Institute 220, 229 Self-awareness 2, 155, 160, 165, 170, 199, 284, 288 See also Cognition Siamang 203 See also Gibbon Siforco 63-64, 67, 80, 260, 262, 271 Silverback gorilla See Gorilla Small apes See Gibbon Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research 100, 197 Species Survival Plan (SSP) 153, 157, 191-192, 197, 217 See also Conservation Squirrel (Saimiri) 134, 212 See also Monkey; New World Stenophagous 108 Sulawesi macaques (Macaco nigra and Macaca maurus) 202-203 See also Macaque; Monkey; Old World Taï Forest 107-109, 119, 122, 125-126 Tanzania 98, 107, 109-110, 122, 127 See also Africa Tarsier 212 See also Prosimians Tourism xii, 72, 99, 158, 250-251, 272 See also Tourism U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) 101, 104 USDA See U.S. Department of Agriculture Uganda 85, 96, 98-100, 107, 153, 158-159, 278-280 See also Africa University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center 100, 197 Vervet (Cercopithecus aethiops) 111-112, 119-120 See also Monkey; Old World Virunga National Park 159 Wamba 59-60, 67-68, 80, 83, 88 Washoe 167, 288 See also American Sign Language; Gardner; Language; Koko; Michael Western chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) See Chimpanzee Western lowland gorilla See Gorilla Wildlife Waystation 100, 102, 197 World Conservation Union (IUCN) 68, 70, 75, 91-92, 96, 149, 152-153, 242, 250-251 See also Red List of Threatened Species World Heritage Site 68 World Wildlife Fund (WWF) 61, 63 WWF See World Wildlife Fund Yekokora River 61, 63, 262-263, 266, 270
298 Index Yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus) 37, 111, 117 See also Baboon; Monkey; Old World Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center 37, 197 Yerkes, Robert 154 Zaire 57, 59, 66, 68, 83, 259, 262 See also Africa; Democratic Republic of Congo Zoological Society of Milwaukee 68, 71 Zoos 81, 100, 104, 150, 152, 155-157, 163, 178-180, 188-192, 197, 201, 203, 217, 228, 242, 245, 250, 289 See also Captive