Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Project ADER 6.1.2. Improving the valorisation of industrial byproducts through the development for farm animals, of some innovative nutritional strategies human and environmental friendly, the component of sustainable agriculture Funded by the State Budget Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MADR), Sectoral Plan for the years 2015-2018 Cordinating: IBNA Balotesti Partener : ECOIND Bucuresti
Thematic context VEGETABLE BY-PRODUCTS from the food industry have in their composition valuable nutrients (omega-3 fatty acids, carbohydrates, minerals, phenols, carotenoids, tocopherols, etc.) that could be reused for the production of functional foods. Low cost Meeting consumer requirements Advantages of conversion of byproducts in the food chain into food for zootechnical interest species Switching to other processes, cost efficiency and resources Increased availability anywhere in different concentrations Regenerable Stricter legislation
OBJECTIV Higher utilization of some industrial by-products by incorporating them in different compound feed structures for species of zootechnical interest (laying hens, broilers, fattening pigs, dairy cows) in order to ensure the bioproductive performance and to improve the nutritional quality of the food products.
RAPESEED MEAL is the second source of protein used in animal feed after soybean meal. It is characterized by: variable levels of glucosinolates (<30 μmol / g); erucic acid (<2%), phospholipids, glycolipids, triglycerides and free fatty acids (F. Khajali and B. A. Slominski, 2012). GRAPE SEED MEAL is obtained from the seed oil extraction process and is characterized by: high amounts of vitamin E, polyphenols, linoleic acid and other antioxidants. Used in feed for laying hens, it increases the zootechnical performance and reduces the cholesterol content of eggs (Hu et al., 201; Su et al., 2008) BUCKTHRON MEAL is resulted from obtaining juice and oil cold pressed. The buckthron fruits contain over 200 bioactive components, vitamins, carotenoids, tocopherols, sterols, flavonoids, phenols, lipids, ascorbic acid, citric acid, microelements (Rösch et al.2003). FLEAX MEAL is the product resulting from the oil extraction. The omega-6 / omega-3 ratio is subunit which makes the flax in all its forms (seeds, oil, srot) a plant source rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids in feeding birds (Alzuetaa et al., 2003). PUMPKIN MEAL is the cake resulting from the cold pressing of seed oil. The pumpkin is characterized by a low caloric content, high concentrations of β- carotene (vitamin A precursor) and antioxidant properties (El-Adawy and Taha, 2001).
Item Rapeseeds meal Grape seeds meal Buckthorn meal Flax meal Pumpkin meal Basic chemical composition of the studied by-products DM real, % 89.60 89.16 88.97 89.25 87.67 GE, MJ/kg 16.94 18.07 18.94 19.31 20.10 CP, % 33.15 11.91 12.83 32.99 34.88 EE, % 1.04 5.96 12.19 9.42 12.38 Fibre, % 12.40 35.68 13.89 11.99 27.54 Ash, % 8.02 2.93 2.84 4.65 5.34 NFE, % 35.00 32.68 47.21 30.20 7.53 Concentration of essential amino acids in the studied by-products (g/100 g dry matter) Threonine 2.24 0.63 0.61 1.58 1.90 Arginine 2.07 0.90 1.09 3.53 4.61 Valine 2.45 0.64 0.61 1.87 1.85 Isoleucine 1.46 0.48 0.50 1.26 1.40 Leucine 2.59 0.85 0.84 2.39 2.53 Lysine 1.85 0.42 0.49 1.22 1.42 Methionine 0.72 0.23 0.17 0.48 0.51 Polyunsaturated fatty acids concentration (g% g fat) Total PUFA: 40.26 64.71 30.44 70.23 52.19 Ω3 4.42 1.47 5.04 42.93 0.47 Ω6 35.85 63.23 25.40 27.30 51.72 Ω6/Ω3 8.12 42.91 5.04 0.64 109.65 Antioxidant capacity (mmtrolox/g) and Polyphenols concentration (mg/g) Polyphenols 7.948 90.415 10.392 3.328 2.501 Antioxidant capacity 24.571 493.074 56.784 9.896 14.802 Mineral content Ca, % 0.77 0.54 0.05 0.26 0.16 P, % 1.30 0.47 0.27 0.87 1.28
The trial was carried out for a period of 42 days on 125 ROSS 308 broiler chickens. The chickens used for the experiment were brought at the age of 1 day. For 10 days, in the first stage (starter), all the chickens were fed with the conventional NC 21-1S combined fodder manufactured in IBNA Balotesti pilot plant. The chickens were housed in digestibility cages (5 chickens / cage) that allowed the daily intake of food and excretion. Water and feed were administered ad libitum. After the individual weighing of the chicks, five groups (M, E1, E2, E3, E4) were formed, homogeneous in terms of body weight. The microclimate parameters in the experimental hall respected the requirements of the ROSS 308 Hybrid Guide.
Four new nutritional solutions (structured on growth and finishing phases) for chickens were tested. The new nutritional solutions were energetically balanced, had the same basic structure as the conventional diet (C) but differentiated by the byproducts included: (E1) rapeseed meal 8% and grapeseed meal 2% (E2) buckthrone meal 2% and flax meal 2,5% (E3) - 4% pumpkin meal ; (E4) - 10 % full fat mix. Among the new nutritional solutions for broiler chickens, the ones that included in the structure of the chicken broth and in (E2) mixed mixed fat blend (E4) had the significant omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (P 0.05) of M but also of other nutritional solutions Concentrations of heavy metals in compound feeds were well below the allowable maximums, so it can be said that these feeds have no potential impact on the environment.
All parameters determined in the serum of the chickens from the experimental groups for the energetic plasma profile of blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, recorded significant decreases (P 0.05) compared to the values recorded in group C. The most significant decrease (P 0.05) was (42.05%) followed by cholesterol (25.70%) and blood glucose (17.94%). In breast samples from chickens fed with E2 and E4 diets there was a significant decrease (P 0.05) of the fat percentage from that of chickens fed a conventional diet (C group). The concentration of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids essential for human health, respectively, the concentration of α-linolenic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid in the chicken breast of the experimental groups was (P 0.05) higher than in the breast samples of the control group. The concentration of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from the highest chicken legs was recorded in lot E2, with 4.18 g / 100 g total fatty acids, with 58.13%, 53.35%, and 6.94% more than with the control group E1, E3 and E4, respectively.
The experiment was conducted on laying hens from the TETRA SL hybrid. The basic structure of the combined feed was the same for all four groups. The difference between the experimental groups and the control group was given by the introduction of the studied byproducts: Control C convetional diet E1 group rapeseed meal 9.5% and grape seed meal 3% E2 group flax meal 8.73% and buckthron meal 3% E3 group pumpkin meal 9%. Birds were weighed and divided randomly into 4 groups (C, E1, E2 and E3). The hens benefited from the same microclimate conditions specific to the experimental hall: temperature = 19.27 ± 1.63 0 C and humidity = 65 ± 6.38%. The light program was appropriate for the age of laying hens (16 h light / 24 h). Birds were housed in special cages, structured on 3 levels, which allowed digestibility experiments to be carried out involving daily recordings of feeds and excretion.
The chemical analysis indicated that all 5 combined feeds were isocaloric and isoproteic, except for slightly higher values for E2 group (18.10% CP) and E1 respectively (5.83% fat). The cellulose content was significantly higher in the E1 group (with rape seed + grape seed meals, unlike the E4 group (with full fat mix) which had the lowest concentration of all the by-products analyzed. There were no differences in the feed concentration in Ca and P, these macroelements ensuring the mineral requirements established by the TETRA SL guidelines. The highest concentrations of essential amino acids for animals were found in: combined feed supplemented with flaxmeal, buckthron, rapeseed and pumpkin). Poverty in essential limiting amino acids (lysine, cystine, methionine) was the feed that included full fat mix.
The study shows that combined feeds supplemented with rape meal and grape seed meal have the highest antioxidant capacity due to the concentration of polyphenols and flavonoids identified in comparison to the feeds in which mixed fats were included and for which the results obtained were small in all cases. Poliphenols concentration (mg/g)
The average weight of the egg dropped with the introduction of vegetable by-products into the feed of the hens. In Experiment 1 (H17), the smallest values obtained for egg weight were from chickens feeded with diets supplemented with pumpkin meal and in Experiment 2 (H13), from those fed with full fat mix. The eggs intensity of the laying decreased to the experimental group from experiment 2 (H13), which received full fat mix diet, but visibly increased in the first experimental groups (H17) that received combined feeds with rape mela and grapeseed meal. Compared with those in which the pumpkin was introduced, the intensity was lower than that of the control group. The use of vegetable by-products in laying hens did not influence the nutritional quality of the egg: Egg yolk: The protein ranges between 31.40% (E1) - 32.14% (E2) and the fat varies between 52.18% (E2) - 53.05% (E3); Egg white: Protein recorded values between 80.64% (E3) and 82.08% (C2); Gross fat recorded small values, very close to about 0.05; respectively ash, which recorded values ranging between 4.78% for eggs harvested from lot M2 and 5.10% for eggs collected from lot E2. Bark: mean values of 73.47% (SU65 0 C); 53.87% (ash), respectively 33.62% (calcium).
The experiment was performed on two groups of fattened pigs from the TOPPIGS hybrid. The basic structure of the combined feed was the same for both groups. The difference between the experimental group and the control group was given by the by-products tested: flax and grape seed. Group C convetional diet Group E flax meal7.5% and grapeseed meal 1% The experiment was performed on twelve Topigs (Large White x Pietrain) x (Talent) fattening and finishing stages with an average initial weight of 66.42 kg ± 10.27 control group and 66.25 kg ± 9.88 experimental group. To benefit from similar microclimate conditions, the animals were accommodated in the same compartment, in two separate boxes of 6 pigs / lobster. The surface of a box was 9.80 m2. In order to ensure the need of nutrients that condition the animal's health, maintenance and production (growth and live weight), the combined feeds were balanced energyprotein ratio, the vitamin and mineral salts content. Nutritional requirements were in line with the recommendations described in the Topigs hybrid growth guide.
Carcass quality and nutritional value of pork meat Item Control Experimental Live body weight (kg) 98.50 ± 11.62 98.33 ± 12.99 Final weight carcass (kg) 72.40 ± 0.28 72.75 ± 1.49 Slaughter Randament (%) 73.5 74 Fat thickness (mm) 13.35 ± 1.22 12.95 ± 0.64 Muscle thickness (mm) 48.30 ± 1.70 50.00 ± 0.42 Medium percent of meat (%) 58.20 ± 0.71 58.80 ± 0.57 Quality clas according EUROP E E According to the EUROP classification, all the carcases obtained were in the E quality class (excellent). There were no differences with respect to all the other parameters resulting from the classification.
g/100g acizi grași The feed diet that included 7.5% flaxseed meal in the pigs feed resulted in a significant increase in alpha linolenic acid in the pulp of 2.5 times higher than the conventional diet. 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 pulpa fata pulpa spate mușchiuleț cotlet ceafă M E1 The total polyunsaturated fatty acids in the pulp and neck was higher in the experimental group compared to the control group, leading to a better omega 6 / omega 3 ratio.
The experiment was performed on Holstein breeds of dairy cows divided into 3 groups. A convetional diet (control) and two new feed structures combined with the addition of flax and barley radishes were also used, by substituting the sun-flower meal from control group diet and partially the wheat bran. Lot M rețetă standard Lot E1 șrot de in 12% Lot E2 șrot de in 12% + radicele de orz 16.35% In order to run a farm-level experiment on dairy cows, a number of 15 holstein cows, chosen with the same average weight, lactation period and close age, were used, evenly distributed in 3 experimental groups (C, E1 and E2) of 5 cows / group and had a duration of 30 days.
Evening samples Morning samples The primary chemical composition of milk collected in the morning and evening Item C E1 E2 Dry matter, % 13.18±1.69 13.24±1.38 13.19±1.49 Crude protein, % 3.16±1.92 3.01±1.47 2.99±1.82 Ether extract, % 4.12±3.84 4.31±5.82 4.21±5.93 Ash, % 0.67±0.72 0.67±0.64 0.72±0.76 Glucides,% 5.22±0.22 5.24±0.09 5.26±0.89 Item C E1 E2 Dry matter, % 13.19±1.55 13.01±1.15 13.17±2.11 Crude protein, % 3.05±1.79 3.01±1.26 3.07±1.15 Ether extract, % 4.22±3.68 4.13±6.53 4.32±5.38 Ash, % 0.68±0.53 bc 0.65±0.42 a 0.69±0.55 a Glucides,% 5.24±0.12 5.26±0.23 5.09±0.98
The concentration of alpha linolenic acid in the milk samples collected at the morning milks at the end trial, the E1 lot had a significant concentration (0.53 g / 100 g total fatty acids) significantly (P 0.05) higher than in group C ( 0.24 g / 100 g total fatty acids). Also, the concentration in lot E2 (0.49 g / 100 g total fatty acids) was significant (P 0.05) higher than C. E2 38% Ω3 C 21% E1 41% C E1 E2 E2 42% Ω3 C 20% E1 38% C E1 E2 The same significant differences (P 0.05) are maintained between the experimental groups compared to the control group and for the analysis of the milk samples collected at the evening meal. The results obtained at this stage led to the obtaining of high-fat omega- 3 fatty milk in both experimental lots.
SELECTING NUTRITIONAL SOLUTIONS BASED ON AHP The AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) has been used to rank the tested nutritional solutions and to choose the best of them on the basis of production performance, quality / cost / environmental impact. This consisted in the making by a panel / group of evaluators of comparisons to express the relative importance of the criteria / alternatives considered. Based on the production parameters and the results obtained regarding the quality of the final products of the experimental groups and the control group, based on the hierarchy of the nutritional solutions, three more basic criteria were selected by the evaluators: - C1 Technical Criterion = Technical Records containing results of technical indicators; - C2 economic criterion = Economic records containing results of economic indicators: cost price and specific consumption; - C3 ecological criterion = Ecological records containing physico-chemical indicators of ecological relevance for the possible environmental impact and indicators of the type of microbiological indicators.
After the AHP analysis, of the 3 experimental diets used to feed the laying hens, the best diet was E1 with rape meal + grape meal. From the point of view of the quality of the effective eggs, besides the E1 recipe, there was also the E2 diet (with the flax and sea buckwheat), the use of which determined the production of eggs enriched substantially in omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, essential acids for human health. But diet E2 was the most expensive due to the cost price of sea buckthorn. According to the results of the AHP method, the most effective diets for broilers were: E1 (with rape meal and grape meal) and E3 (with pumpkin meal) The decision to position the E3 diet in the top was the small purchase price of pumpkin which also influenced the price of the combined feed of the E3 group. As with laying hens, in addition to the E1 diet, good results have also been achieved with the E2 diet (with flax meal and buckthrone). But E2 diet was the most expensive due to the cost price of sea buckthorn. In the experiment for 6 weeks, on 12 pigs fattened from the TOPPIGS hybrid, although the diet of the experimental group pigs was enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (flaxseed), pulp, back, neck, musk, derived from them, had a lower amount of malonaldehyde compared to conventional pigs from pigs. This is due to the influence of grape meal that has a high antioxidant capacity. The concentration of alpha linolenic acid in the milk samples taken in the morning at the end of the trial, E1 lot was 0.53 g / 100g total fatty acids, significantly (P 0.05) higher compared to group C (0.24 g / 100g total fatty acids). Also, the concentration of α-linolenic acid in lot E2 was 0.49 g / 100 g of total fatty acids, significant (P 0.05) higher than C. The same significant differences (P 0.05) analysis of milk samples collected in the evening.
By synthesizing the results obtained, the following points are highlighted: nutrition is a relatively simple and safe way of obtaining functional foods even with the use of some by-products; the polyunsaturated fatty acid profile of fats' fat is reflected in the food profile obtained; using rapeseed oil can obtain foods enriched in omega 6 PUFA and using omega 3 supplemented foods using omelet 3; Grape stones and sea buckthorn behave as natural antioxidants when added to PUFAenriched recipes; pumpkin seed because of its high cellulose content was not effective in keeping production performance; the use of feeds that included the by-products studied did not show any risk factor for animals and the environment.