Management of Post-Stroke Complications

Management of Post-Stroke Complications

Ajay Bhalla Jonathan Birns Editors Management of Post-Stroke Complications

Editors Ajay Bhalla Department of Ageing and Health Guy s and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust London UK Jonathan Birns Department of Ageing and Health Guy s and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust London UK ISBN 978-3-319-17854-7 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-17855-4 ISBN 978-3-319-17855-4 (ebook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2015941280 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Foreword Post-stroke complications occur with distressing frequency, while our understanding and management remain limited. Many books deal with stroke and often include chapters on complications, but to my knowledge, this is the first book entirely devoted to the subject. The approach is comprehensive while mindful of practical applications, aided by diagrams and key statements. The contributors have been carefully selected, and the chapters are arranged for easy reference. We are very aware of timing of treatment in the hyperacute phase of stroke. Only now are we beginning to learn about the timing and the nature of interventions required thereafter, not only to avoid complications, but to assure maximal recovery. This volume goes a long way in systematising what we know and setting the stage for further progress. May this book prove a landmark in improving our ability to understand, treat, and prevent post-stroke complications. Vladimir Hachinski, CM, MD, FRCP, DSc Distinguished University Professor Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario London, Canada v

Contents 1 Introduction............................................... 1 Ajay Bhalla and Jonathan Birns 2 Early Neurological Deterioration............................. 7 Ajay Bhalla 3 Post-stroke Cardiac Complications............................ 21 Laura C.S. Izzard and Ajay Bhalla 4 Post-stroke Seizures........................................ 33 Neil S.N. Graham, Paul A. Holmes, and Anthony G. Rudd 5 Infections After Stroke...................................... 51 Mehool Patel and Angela Kulendran 6 Venous Thromboembolism................................... 63 Rohan Pathansali 7 Swallowing and Nutritional Complications..................... 99 David Smithard and C. Elizabeth Weekes 8 Urinary and Bowel Complications After Stroke................. 157 Zehra Mehdi and Mehool Patel 9 Positioning and Pressure Care................................ 189 Mark McGlinchey, Nicole Walmsley, and Gill Cluckie 10 Management of Spasticity................................... 227 Jonathan Birns and Tehmina S. Irani 11 Falls and Osteoporosis Post-Stroke............................ 241 Frances Dockery and Peter Joseph Sommerville 12 Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment............................ 277 Bhavini Patel and Jonathan Birns vii

viii Contents 13 Post-Stroke Pain........................................... 307 Pippa Tyrrell and Anthony K.P. Jones 14 Post-Stroke Fatigue: Common but Poorly Understood............ 317 Toby B. Cumming and Gillian Mead 15 Mental Consequences of Stroke............................... 347 Luis Ayerbe 16 Future Developments....................................... 365 Lalit Kalra Index......................................................... 379

Contributors Luis Ayerbe, PhD Centre of Primary Care and Public Health, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK Ajay Bhalla, MSc MD, FRCP Department of Ageing and Health, Guy s and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK Jonathan Birns, PhD, FRCP Department of Ageing and Health, Guy s and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK Gill Cluckie, PhD, MSc, BN Department of Neurology, St. George s Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK Toby B. Cumming, BBSc (Hons), PhD (Cantab) Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia Frances Dockery, MBBCh, FRCP, MD Department of Ageing and Health, St. Thomas Hospital, London, UK Neil S.N. Graham, BA, MBBS, MRCP National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK Vladimir Hachinski, MD Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada Paul A. Holmes, MD, FRCP Guy s and St. Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK Tehmina S. Irani, MBBS, MRCP, SCE in Geriatrics Department of Clinical Transformation, Geriatrics and General Medicine, Croydon University Hospital, London, UK Laura C.S. Izzard, MBBS, BSc, MRCP Department of Clinical Gerontology, Kings College London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK ix

x Contributors Anthony K.P. Jones, MD, MBBS, MRCP, FRCP Stroke and Pain Research Groups, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Salford Royal NHS Trust, University of Manchester, Salford, Manchester, UK Lalit Kalra, PhD Department of Clinical Neurosciences, King s College London, London, UK Angela Kulendran, MBBS, BSc Elderly Medicine, University Hospital Lewisham, Lewisham, UK Mark McGlinchey, BPhysio (Hons), MSc (Physio) Physiotherapy Department, Guy s and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK Gillian Mead, MB, BChir, MA, MD Stroke and Elderly Care Medicine, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Zehra Mehdi, MRCP, FHEA Stroke, Geriatric and General Medicine, Department of Ageing and Health, St Thomas Hospital, London, UK Bhavini Patel, MRCP (UK), MBBS, BSc Department of Neurology, Atkinson Morley Wing, St George s University Hospital, London, UK Mehool Patel, MBBS, MD, FRCP, MAcadMEd General and Geriatric Medicine, University Hospital Lewisham, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, Lewisham, UK Rohan Pathansali, MD, FRCP Department of Clinical Gerontology, Department of Stroke Medicine, King s College Hospital, London, UK Anthony G. Rudd, FRCP Division of Health and Social Care Research, King s College London, London, UK David Smithard, BSc, MBBS, MD, FRCP Clinical Gerontology, King s College Hospital, Farnborough, Kent, UK Peter Joseph Sommerville, MA, MBBS Stroke Medicine, King s College Hospital, London, UK Pippa Tyrell, BA, MA, MBBS, MRCP, MD, FRCP Stroke and Pain Research Groups, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Salford Royal NHS Trust, University of Manchester, Salford, Manchester, UK Nicole Walmsley, BHSc Department of Occupational Therapy, Guy s and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK C. Elizabeth Weekes, BSc, PhD Guy s and St. Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas Hospital, London, UK