Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Actigraphy, 475, 485, 496 Adolescents, sleep disorders in, 576 578 Adults, sleep disorders in, 578 580 Advanced sleep phase disorder, 482 Age, poor sleep with, 571 583 changes with aging, 571 572 napping, 572 sleep architecture, 571 572 clinical evaluation of, 572 575 physical examination, 573 questionnaires and diagnostic testing, 573 574 sleep history, 572 573 sleep disorders across the life span, 575 582 adolescents (12 to 18 years), 576 578 children (0 to 12 years), 575 576 elderly (more than 60 years), 580 582 middle-aged adults (18 to 60 years), 578 580 Alternating leg muscle activation, 531 532 Amantadine, for restless legs syndrome, 518 Anticonvulsants, for restless legs syndrome, 517 Apnea. See Sleep apnea. Architecture, sleep, changes with aging, 571 572 Arousal disorders, confusional arousals, sleep terrors, and sleepwalking, 537 551 Arousal system overactivity, in insomnia, 467 470 Assessment tools. See Diagnostic tools. Awakenings, irregular, in circadian rhythm disorders, 481 489 B Bedtimes, irregular. See Circadian rhythm disorders. Breathing disorders. See Sleep-related breathing disorders. Bright light exposure, for jet lag, 566 567 for shift work disorder, 567 568 Bruxism, 529 531 clinical diagnosis, 529 diagnostic evaluation, 530 Sleep Med Clin 9 (2014) 585 589 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1556-407x(14)00113-1 1556-407X/14/$ see front matter Ó 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C differential diagnosis, 531 epidemiology, 529 primary and secondary, 529 530 treatment, 531 Central sleep apnea, 502 503 See also Sleep apnea. Children, sleep disorders in, 575 576 Chronotherapy, for circadian rhythm disorders, 487 Circadian preference, in assessment of irregular bedtimes and awakenings, 483 Circadian rhythm disorders, excessive daytime sleepiness due to, 494 in insomnia, 470 472 nature of the problem, 481 483 patient history, 483 484 physical examination, 484 485 sleep tests and additional testing, 485 treatment options, 486 487 Clonidine, for restless legs syndrome, 518 Cognitive behavioral therapy, for insomnia in circadian rhythm disorders, 486 487 Confusional arousals, 537 551 D Daytime sleepiness, assessment of irregular bedtimes and awakenings, 483 484 excessive, evaluation of patient with, 491 498 additional testing, 496 498 actigraphy, 496 laboratory testing, 496 Maintenance of Wakefulness Test, 496 498 Multiple Sleep Latency Test, 496 498 polysomnography, 496 498 surveys, 496 patient history, 491 495 circadian rhythm disorders, 494 insomnia, 493 494 insufficient sleep time, 493 narcolepsy and other hypersomnias of central origin, 495 parasomnias, 495 sleep-related breathing disorder, 495 physical examination, 495 496 Delayed sleep phase disorder, 482 sleep.theclinics.com
586 Diagnostic tools, for patients with difficulties falling or staying asleep, 474 476 actigraphy, 475 laboratory testing and other assessments, 475 psychological and neurobehavioral testing, sleep diaries, 474 475 sleep testing, 475 for patients with irregular bedtimes and awakenings, 485 actigraphy, 485 Epworth sleepiness scale, 485 laboratory studies and imaging, 485 Maintenance of Wakefulness Testing, 485 Multiple Sleep Latency Testing, 485 polysomnography, 485 sleep log, 485 Diaries, sleep, 474 475, 485 Dopamine agonists, for restless legs syndrome, 516 517 Dream enactment behaviors, and nightmares, E Early morning awakenings, 472 474 two-process model and homeostatic load issues, 472 473 Eating disorder, sleep-related, 541 542 Elderly, sleep disorders in, 580 582 Electroencephalography, findings in disorders of arousal, 544 Epworth sleepiness scale, 485 Excessive daytime sleepiness. See Daytime sleepiness, excessive. F Free-running sleep disorder, 483 H Hemodialysis patients, restless legs syndrome treatment in, 519 Hypersomnias, of central origin, excessive daytime sleepiness due to, 495 Hypnagogic foot tremor, 531 Hypoventilation, in evaluation of sleep complaints, 507 508 I clinical evaluation, 507 508 diagnostic evaluation, 508 treatment, 508 Imaging, in assessment of irregular bedtimes and awakenings, 485 Insomnia. See also Sleep complaints. difficulties falling or staying asleep, 463 479 access to sleep specialists, 465 barriers and access to care, 464 465 diagnostic and assessment tools, 474 476 actigraphy, 475 laboratory testing and other assessments, 475 psychological and neurobehavioral testing, sleep diaries, 474 475 sleep testing, 475 initial assessment, 465 466 initial sleep onset, 467 472 arousal system overactivity, 467, 470 circadian rhythm disorders, 470 471 clinical vignette, 471 472 models and causes, 467 night-time and early morning awakenings, 472 474 two-process model and homeostatic load issues, 472 473 the interview, 466 467 excessive daytime sleepiness due to, 493 494 in assessment of irregular bedtimes and awakenings, 483 484 Insufficient sleep time, excessive daytime sleepiness due to, 493 Interview, of patients with difficulties falling or staying asleep, 466 467 Iron therapy, for restless legs syndrome, 516 Irregular bedtimes. See Circadian rhythm disorders. Irregular respiration, 506 507 clinical evaluation, 506 507 diagnostic evaluation, 507 treatment, 507 Irregular sleep-wake disorder, 483 J Jet lag disorder, 561 570 case example of jet lag without, 563 diagnosis, 562 563 treatment strategies, 566 570 melatonin, 568
587 L pharmacologic approaches, 569 570 phototherapy, 566 567 Laboratory testing, 475, 485, 496 M Magnesium, for restless legs syndrome, 518 Maintenance of Wakefulness Testing, 485, 496 498 Medical conditions, insomnia due to, 473 474 Melatonin, for circadian rhythm disorders, 487 for jet lag, 568 for shift work disorder, 568 569 Modafinil, for shift work disorder, 569 570 Multiple Sleep Latency Test, 485, 496 498 N Napping, sleep changes with aging, 572 Narcolepsy, excessive daytime sleepiness due to, 495 Neurobehavioral testing, in assessment of insomnia, Night-time awakenings, 472 474 two-process model and homeostatic load issues, 472 473 Nightmares, and dream enactment behaviors, Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) parasomnias, confusional arousals, sleep terrors, and sleepwalking, 537 551 O Obesity hypoventilation syndrome, 507 508 Obstructive sleep apnea, 502 See also Sleep apnea. Opiates, for restless legs syndrome, 517 518 Overlap schedule, vs full entrainment for shift work disorder, 569 P Parasomnias, excessive daytime sleepiness due to, 495 nightmares and dream enactment behaviors, Periodic limb movement disorder, 494 495, 526 529 as an exclusion diagnosis, 527 528 concept of, 526 527 diagnosis, 527 epidemiology, 526 objective evaluation, 526 treatment of, 528 Phototherapy, for circadian rhythm disorders, 486 for jet lag, 566 567 for shift work disorder, 567 568 Polysomnography, in disorders of arousal, 544 in excessive daytime sleepiness, 496 498 in insomnia, 475 in REM behavior disorder, 556 Pregnancy, restless legs syndrome treatment in, 519 Propriospinal myoclonus, 532 Psychiatric conditions, in assessment of irregular bedtimes and awakenings, 484 insomnia due to, 474 Psychological testing, in assessment of insomnia, R Rapid eye movement (REM) behavior disorder, Respiration, irregular, 506 507 clinical evaluation, 506 507 diagnostic evaluation, 507 treatment, 507 Restless legs syndrome, 513 521 cause, 514 515 clinical evaluation, 515 516 clinical features, 513 514 epidemiology, 514 pharmacologic, amantadine, 518 anticonvulsants, 517 clonidine, 518 dopamine agonists, 516 517 magnesium, 518 opioids, 517 518 sedative hypnotics, 518 refractory, 518 treatment, 516 518
588 Restless (continued) algorithms for, 518 519 in specific populations, 516 518 hemodialysis patients, 519 pregnancy, 519 nonpharmacologic, 516 pharmacologic, 516 518 Rhythmic movement disorder, sleep-related, 523 525 clinical evaluation, 524 diagnosis, 524 525 differential diagnosis, 525 epidemiology, 524 treatment, 525 S Sedative hypnotics, for restless legs syndrome, 518 Sexual behaviors, sleep-related abnormal, 542 543 Shift work disorder, 561 570 case example, 564 565 diagnosis, 563 564 treatment strategies, 565 570 melatonin, 568 569 overlap schedules vs full entrainment for, 569 pharmacologic approaches, 569 570 phototherapy, 567 568 Sleep apnea, 501 506 central, 502 503 clinical evaluation, 503 504 diagnostic evaluation, 504 obstructive, 502 treatment, 504 506 adjunctive therapies, 506 behavioral therapy, 505 506 oral appliance, 505 positive airway pressure, 504 505 surgical procedures, 505 Sleep complaints, evaluation of, 479 583 apneas, 499 511 confusional arousals, sleep terrors, and sleepwalking, 537 551 difficulties falling or staying asleep, 463 479 access to sleep specialists, 465 barriers and access to care, 464 465 diagnostic and assessment tools, 474 476 initial assessment, 465 466, 468 469 initial sleep onset, 467 472 night-time and early morning awakenings, 472 474 the interview, 466 467 excessive daytime sleepiness, 491 498 additional testing, 496 498 patient history, 491 495 physical examination, 495 496 hypoventilation, 499 511 nature of the problem, 481 483 patient history, 483 484 physical examination, 484 485 sleep tests and additional testing, 485 treatment options, 486 487 irregular respiration, 499 511 jet lag disorder and shift work disorder, 561 570 jet lag, 562 563 shift work disorder, 563 565 treatment strategies, 566 570 nightmares and dream enactment behaviors, poor sleep with age, 571 583 changes with aging, 571 572 clinical evaluation of, 572 575 sleep disorders across the life span, 575 582 restless legs syndrome, 513 521 cause, 514 515 clinical evaluation, 515 516 clinical features, 513 514 epidemiology, 514 in specific populations, 516 518 refractory, 518 treatment, 516 518 rhythmic and periodic movements of sleep, 523 536 bruxism, 529 531 clinical case, 523, 526, 529, 531 miscellaneous conditions, 531 532 periodic limb movements, 526 529 sleep-related rhythmic movement disorders, 523 526 snoring, 499 511 Sleep specialists, board-certified, patient access to, 465 Sleep terrors, 537 551 Sleep-fragmenting conditions, insomnia due to, 473 Sleep-related breathing disorders, evaluation of sleep complaints in, 499 511 apnea, 501 506
589 hypoventilation, 507 508 irregular breathing, 506 507 snoring, 499 501 Sleepwalking, 537 551 Snoring, 499 501 clinical evaluation, 500 diagnostic evaluation, 500 treatment, 500 501 Somnambulism. See Sleepwalking.