Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Abdominal pain, enteral therapy in acute pancreatitis and, 812 Abscess(es), pancreatic, nutritional support for, 814 815 Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score, in severity of acute pancreatitis determination, 806 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), immunonutrition for, clinical evidence of use of, 747 748 Adjustable gastric banding, overview of, 840 Albumin, as surrogate serum nutritional marker, 788 Aluminum, contamination with, in HPN for intestinal failure, 924 925 Anastomosis(es), ileal pouch anal, after surgery in IBD patients, postoperative nutrition related to, 793 794 APACHE II score. See Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score. ARDS. See Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Arginine, immune system effects of, 737 738 Ascites, pancreatic, nutritional support for, 815 B Bacteria defenses against, under normal conditions, 756 758 acquired immunity, 756 physical barriers, 756 intestinal, effects on nutrition and metabolism, in critically ill patients, 771 785 Bariatric surgery for type 2 diabetes mellitus, 824 827 overview of, 838 840 types of, 838 840 Bedside for Severity in Acute Pancreatitis (BISAP), 806 Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPDDS), in type 2 diabetes mellitus management, 831 832 BISAP. See Bedside for Severity in Acute Pancreatitis (BISAP). Bowel, inflammation of, in IBD patients, reduction of, 799 BPDDS. See Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPDDS). Butyric acid, in exogenous support of diet-related impairment of gut immunity, 763 C Cachexia, cardiac heart failure and, 860 862 nutritional support for, 862 863 Surg Clin N Am 91 (2011) 965 976 doi:10.1016/s0039-6109(11)00085-5 surgical.theclinics.com 0039-6109/11/$ see front matter ª 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
966 Calcium, deficiency of, in bariatric patients, long-term nutritional management of, 845 Caloric needs in acute pancreatitis, 809 in chronic pancreatitis, 816 Cancer immunosuppressive effects of, 739 TPN and, history of, 727 736 Carbohydrate(s), microbiota and, 773 774 Cardiac cachexia heart failure and, 860 862 nutritional support for, 862 863 Cardiac surgery, nutritional status of patients undergoing, 858 860 Cardiothoracic surgical patients, adult, nutritional considerations in, 857 875 challenges related to, 866 869 chylothorax, 868 869 hyperglycemia, 867 infectious complications, 867 pulmonary surgery related, 868 ventricular assistance, 867 868 described, 857 858 rationale for, 865 866 Central venous access, in critically ill obese patients, 850 Chemotherapy, gut immunity effects of, 763 Chronic heart failure, nutritional support for, 863 864 Chylothorax, nutritional support in cardiothoracic surgical patients and, 868 869 Computed tomography (CT) severity index, in severity of acute pancreatitis determination, 807 Critical illness immunonutrition for, clinical evidence of use of, 746 747 in obese persons, nutritional support for, 846 850. See also Obesity, in critically ill patients, nutritional support for. metabolism during, intestinal bacteria effects on, 771 785 microbiome during, 778 nutrition during, microbes and, 771 772 Critically ill patients, nutrition during, intestinal bacteria effects on, 771 785 CT. See Computed tomography (CT). D Daily values (DVs), defined, 935 Dehydration, in bariatric patients, long-term nutritional management of, 846 Dextrose, in critically ill patients, hazards related to, 848 Diabetes mellitus type 1, vs. type 2, 822 type 2 as silent epidemic, 823 as system-wide disease, 823 current treatment of, failure of, 823 824 remission of, mechanism of, 827 829 surgical treatment of, 821 836 bariatric surgery, 824 827, 829 832
967 BPDDS, 831 832 costs of, 833 indications for, 832 833 laparoscopic adjustable gastric band, 830 recommendations for, 833 RYGB, 830 831 safety of, 832 sleeve gastrectomy, 831 vs. type 1, 822 Diet effects on innate immune responses to injury, 761 gut immunity impairment related to, exogenous support of, 761 763 Dietary intake, insufficient, nutritional deficiencies in IBD due to, 789 Dietary supplements, terminology related to, 935 E Elderly. See also Geriatric patients. frailty syndrome in, 885 886 malnutrition in, 878 880 mini nutritional assessment in, 886 887 nutritional requirements of, 887 889 osteoporosis in, 885 886 perioperative nutritional support of, 889 890 postoperative considerations in, 882 883 sarcopenia in, 885 886 undergoing surgery, nutritional management of, 877 896. See also Geriatric surgery patients, nutritional management of. Endoscopy, in enteral access for nutritional therapy, 899 904 complications of, 902 904 indications for, 899 900 jejunal access, 902 technique, 900 901 Energy delivery, in enteral therapy development, 950 952 Energy requirements, in critically ill obese patients, nutritional support for, 847 Enteral feeding solutions, in enteral therapy development, 955 956 Enteral therapy access techniques contraindications to, 898 899 endoscopic approach, 899 904 indications for, 897 898 overview of, 897 911 temporary access, 899 development of, historical highlights of, 945 964 at turn of millenium, 949 950 early optimal feeding in ICU, 952 953 energy delivery, 950 952 enteral feeding solutions, 955 956 glycemic control, 950 952 immunonutrition, 953 955 phases, 946 for critically ill obese patients, 850
968 Enteral (continued) future challenges and opportunities related to, 956 immunosuppressive effects of, 740 in acute pancreatitis, 809 abdominal pain related to, 812 gastric residuals, 811 812 in preoperative nutritional therapy, in surgical patients with IBD, 791 792 solutions for, classification of, 948 F Fasting, studies of, lessons learned from, 777 778 Fat(s), in acute pancreatitis, estimating and meeting needs for, 811 Fatty acids, immune system effects of, 738 Fish oils, for surgical patients with IBD, 799 Fistula(ae), intestinal, nutritional deficiencies in patients with, preoperative correction of, 792 793 Fluid management, in critically ill obese patients, 847 Folate deficiency, in bariatric patients, long-term nutritional management of, 844 845 Frailty syndrome, in the elderly, 885 886 G GALT. See Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Gastrectomy, sleeve in type 2 diabetes mellitus management, 831 overview of, 840 Gastric banding, adjustable, overview of, 840 Gastric bypass, overview of, 839 840 Gastrostomy, surgical, in nutritional therapy, 904 906 complications of, 906 indications for, 904 905 technique, 905 906 Geriatric patients frail, operative risk assessment in, 883 885 frailty syndrome in, 885 886 malnutrition in, 878 880 factors contributing to, 880 nutritional assessment of, 880 882 osteoporosis in, 885 886 sarcopenia in, 885 886 Geriatric surgery patients. See also Geriatric patients. nutritional management of, 877 896 described, 877 878 perioperative, 889 890 postoperative considerations in, 882 883 Glucose, in acute pancreatitis, estimating and meeting needs for, 810 Glutamine immune system effects of, 738 in exogenous support of diet-related impairment of gut immunity, 762 763
969 Glycemic control, in enteral therapy development, 950 952 Gut immunity chemotherapy insults on, influences of, 763 diet-related impairment of, exogenous support of, 761 763 nutrition and, 755 770. See also Nutrition, gut immunity and. Gut microbiota in ICU, selective manipulation of, 778 781 decontamination, 779 modulation of local gut microenvironment, 781 probiotics, 779 780 metabolic effects of, 773 776 carbohydrates and, 773 774 lipid metabolism and, 774 775 protein metabolism and, 774 vitamins and, 775 776 Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), systemic mucosal immunity and, 757 H Head and neck cancers, TPN and, history of, 728 729 Heart, failing, nutritional support of, 864 865 Heart failure cardiac cachexia and, 860 862 chronic, nutritional support for, 863 864 Hepatic immunity, nutrition and, 765 Herbal products, in surgical patients, 938 939 Home parenteral nutrition (HPN), for intestinal failure, 913 932 aluminum contamination related to, 924 925 catheter complications related to, 922 924 infectious-related, 922 923 mechanical-related, 923 obstructive-related, 923 924 complications of, 925 926 hepatobiliary, 925 926 MBD, 925 failure of, surgical options for, 927 928 home care services related to, evaluation of, 914 915 indications for, 914 infusion rates, cycling, and tapers for, 921 922 initiation of, 913 insurance coverage for, evaluation of, 914 915 patient education for, 915 patient monitoring for, 922 psychosocial evaluation for, 915 solutions for, 917 919 specialized products, 919 921 transitioning off, 926 927 VAD for, 915 917 HPN. See Home parenteral nutrition (HPN). Hyperglycemia, nutritional support in cardiothoracic surgical patients and, 867 Hypocaloric feeding, in critically ill obese patients, 848 850
970 I IBD. See Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). ICU. See Intensive care unit (ICU). Ileal pouch anal anastomosis, after surgery in IBD patients, postoperative nutrition related to, 793 794 Ileostomy, in IBD patients, postoperative nutrition related to, 794 796 Immune defense, innate, nutritional routes and types effects on, 760 Immune response, innate, diet effects on, 761 Immune system, nutrient effects on, 737 738 Immunity acquired, 756 gut. See Gut immunity. hepatic, nutrition and, 765 systemic mucosal, GALT and, 757 Immunonutrition clinical evidence of use of, 742 748 critical illness related, 746 747 in ARDS, 747 748 in sepsis, 747 meta-analyses of, 748 perioperative administration, 744 745 postoperative administration, 742 744 preoperative administration, 744 745 trauma-related, 745 746 development of, 953 955 in surgical patients with IBD, 799 Immunosuppression, diseases and, 739 742 cancer, 739 routes of delivery effects on, 740 741 trauma, 739 740 Infection(s) HPN for intestinal failure and, 922 923 nutritional support in cardiothoracic surgical patients and, 867 Inflammation bowel, in IBD patients, reduction of, 799 systemic, nutritional deficiencies in IBD due to, 789 790 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) malnutrition in, defined, 787 788 nutritional deficiencies in, 788 789 causes of, 789 790 PCM among patients with, prevalence of, 789 postoperative recurrence of, nutrition and, 798 799 surgical patients with, nutritional support of, 787 803 current trends in, 799 800 early feeding, 797 enteral therapy, 791 792 fish oils, 799 for bowel inflammation reduction, 799 for short bowel syndrome, 798 future research in, 800
971 immunonutrition, 799 intestinal fistula related, 792 793 postoperative, 793 799 preoperative, 791 793 TPN, 792 treatment of, pharmacologic, side effects of, 790 Injury(ies), responses to innate immune, diet effects on, 761 nutrition effects of, 760 761 systemic inflammation, 760 761 Innate immune defense, nutritional routes and types effects on, 760 Innate immune response to injury, diet effects on, 761 Intensive care unit (ICU) early optimal feeding in, in enteral therapy development, 952 953 selective manipulation of gut microbiota in, 778 781 Interleukin(s), IL-7, in exogenous support of diet-related impairment of gut immunity, 763 Intestinal bacteria, effects on nutrition and metabolism, in critically ill patients, 771 785 Intestinal failure, HPN for, 913 932. See also Home parenteral nutrition (HPN), for intestinal failure. Intestinal fistulae, nutritional deficiencies in patients with, preoperative correction of, 792 793 Iron deficiency, in bariatric patients, long-term nutritional management of, 843 844 J Jejunal access, for nutritional therapy, 902 L Laparoscopic adjustable gastric band, in type 2 diabetes mellitus management, 830 Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), overview of, 840 Lipid(s) in critically ill patients, hazards related to, 848 metabolism of, microbiota and, 774 775 LSG. See Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). Lymphoid tissue, gut-associated, systemic mucosal immunity and, 757 M Magnesium, deficiency of, in bariatric patients, long-term nutritional management of, 846 Malnutrition chronic pancreatitis and, 815 in geriatric patients, 878 880 factors contributing to, 880 in IBD, defined, 787 788 in surgical patients, prevalence of, 933 934 protein-calorie
972 Malnutrition (continued) among inpatients with and without IBD, prevalence of, 789 in bariatric patients, long-term nutritional management of, 842 843 MBD. See Metabolic bone disease (MBD). Medication(s), adverse effects of, nutritional deficiencies in IBD due to, 790 Metabolic bone disease (MBD), HPN and, 925 Metabolism gut microbiota effects on, 773 776 intestinal bacteria effects on, in critically ill patients, 771 785 Microbe(s), nutrition during critical illness effects of, 771 772 Microbiome during critical illness, 778 human, revolutionary advances in understanding, 772 773 Microbiota, gut. See Gut microbiota. Mineral(s), deficiency of, in bariatric patients, long-term nutritional management of, 843 846 N Neuropeptide(s), in exogenous support of diet-related impairment of gut immunity, 761 762 Nitrogen in acute pancreatitis, 810 in chronic pancreatitis, 816 817 Nutrient(s) deprivation of, studies of, lessons learned from, 776 778 excess of, studies of, lessons learned from, 776 778 immune system effects of, 737 738 arginine, 737 738 fatty acids, 738 glutamine, 738 malabsorption of, nutritional deficiencies in IBD due to, 789 790 Nutrition gut immunity and, 755 770 clinical correlates of, 757 peritoneal defenses, 763 765 hepatic immunity and, 765 in adult cardiothoracic surgical patients, 857 875. See also Cardiothoracic surgical patients, adult, nutritional considerations in. intestinal bacteria effects on, in critically ill patients, 771 785 response to injury effects of, 760 761 routes of delivery of efficacy of, 741 immunosuppressive effects of enteral nutrition, 740 TPN, 740 innate immune defense effects of, 760 organ systems effects of, 741 742 specialized, mucosal immune changes with, 757 760 types of, innate immune defense effects of, 760 Nutritional assessment, in the elderly, 880 882
973 mini assessment, 886 887 Nutritional deficiencies in IBD, 788 789 causes of, 789 790 in patients with intestinal fistulae, preoperative correction of, 792 793 Nutritional supplements, in surgical patients, 933 944 herbal products, 938 939 malnutrition and, 933 934 requirements for, 933 938 safety issues related to, 940 terminology related to, 935 types of, 935 Nutritional support for geriatric surgery patients, 877 896. See also Geriatric surgery patients, nutritional management of. in acute pancreatitis, 805 820. See also Pancreatitis, acute, nutritional support in. in chronic pancreatitis, 815 817. See also Pancreatitis, chronic. in mild pancreatitis, 813 in moderate pancreatitis, 813 in resolving pancreatitis, 814 in severe pancreatitis, 814 of cardiac cachexia, 862 863 of chronic heart failure, 863 864 of obese and critically ill obese patients, 837 855. See also Obesity. of surgical patients with IBD, 787 803. See also Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), surgical patients with, nutritional support of. oral, primer of, 957 958 O Obesity bariatric surgery for patients with, nutritional support for, 838 846 for dehydration, 846 for protein-calorie malnutrition, 842 843 for vitamin/mineral deficiencies, 843 846 long-term, 842 846 perioperative, 841 classification of, 838 in critically ill patients, nutritional support for, 846 850 central venous access in, 850 enteral therapy, 850 estimating energy requirements, 847 fluid management, 847 hazards related to, 848 hypocaloric feeding, 848 850 nutritional support for, 837 855 prevalence of, 837 studies of, lessons learned from, 776 777 Osteoporosis, in the elderly, 885 886 Overweight, defined, 837
974 P Pain, abdominal, enteral therapy in acute pancreatitis and, 812 Pancreatic ascites, nutritional support for, 815 Pancreatic necrosis/abscess, nutritional support for, 814 815 Pancreatic pseudocyst, nutritional support for, 815 Pancreatitis acute, 805 820 clinical management of, 808 nutritional support in, 808 814 enteral therapy, 809, 811 812 estimating and meeting metabolic needs, 809 811 caloric, 809 fat, 811 glucose, 810 nitrogen, 810 optimal feeding formulations, 809 pancreatic ascites and, 815 pancreatic necrosis/abscess and, 814 815 pancreatic pseudocyst and, 815 parenteral nutrition, 809, 812 813 severe, mechanisms leading to, 807 808 severity of, determination of, 805 807 APACHE II score in, 806 BISAP in, 806 CT severity index in, 807 Ranson score in, 806 chronic clinical management of, 815 816 malnutrition of, 815 nutritional support in, 815 817 caloric, 816 nitrogen, 816 817 mild, nutritional support in, 813 moderate, nutritional support in, 813 resolving, nutritional support in, 814 severe, nutritional support in, 814 Parenteral nutrition access techniques, 906 909 complications of, 907 909 indications for, 906 overview of, 897 911 technique, 906 907 home. See Home parenteral nutrition (HPN). in acute pancreatitis, 809, 812 813 PCM. See Protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM). Peritoneal defenses, gut immunity and, 763 765 Potassium, deficiency of, in bariatric patients, long-term nutritional management of, 846 Pouchitis, after surgery in IBD patients, postoperative nutrition related to, 794 796 Prealbumin, as surrogate serum nutritional marker, 788 Probiotics, in selective manipulation of gut microbiota, in ICU, 781
975 Protein(s), metabolism of, microbiota and, 774 Protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) among inpatients with and without IBD, prevalence of, 789 in bariatric patients, long-term nutritional management of, 842 843 Pseudocyst(s), pancreatic, nutritional support for, 815 Pulmonary surgery, nutritional status of patients undergoing, challenges related to, 868 R Ranson score, in severity of acute pancreatitis determination, 806 Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), in type 2 diabetes management, 830 831 RYGB. See Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). S Sarcopenia, in the elderly, 885 886 Selenium, deficiency of, in bariatric patients, long-term nutritional management of, 846 Sepsis, immunonutrition for, immunosuppressive effects of, 747 Short bowel syndrome, postoperative nutrition for, 798 Sleeve gastrectomy in type 2 diabetes mellitus management, 831 overview of, 840 Surrogate serum nutritional markers, 788 Systemic inflammation injury and, 760 761 nutritional deficiencies in IBD due to, 789 790 Systemic mucosal immunity, GALT and, 757 T Thiamine, deficiency of, in bariatric patients, long-term nutritional management of, 845 846 Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) immunosuppressive effects of, 740 in cancer patients, history of, 727 736 postoperative, in IBD patients, 797 798 preoperative, in surgical patients with IBD, 792 TPN. See Total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Transferrin, as surrogate serum nutritional marker, 788 Trauma immunonutrition after, clinical evidence of use of, 745 746 immunosuppressive effects of, 739 740 surgery-related, immunosuppressive effects of, 739 740 V VAD. See Vascular access device (VAD). Vascular access device (VAD), for HPN for intestinal failure, 915 917 care of, 916
976 Vascular access device (VAD) lock solutions, 917 Ventricular assistance, nutritional support in cardiothoracic surgical patients and, 867 868 Vitamin(s), microbiota and, 775 776 Vitamin deficiencies, in bariatric patients, long-term nutritional management of, 843 846 A, 846 B 1, 845 846 B 12, 845 D, 845 E, 846 K, 846 Z Zinc, deficiency of, in bariatric patients, long-term nutritional management of, 846