Course Outline and Syllabus Name: Nohjin Kee, Chris Perumalla Course Number: PSL205H1 Course Title: Basic Human Physiology Course Description: A physiology course for pharmacy students on functions of the blood, circulation, respiration, muscle, nervous system, the senses, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, immunology, endocrinology and organs of reproduction. Particular emphasis is placed on homeostatic mechanisms maintaining normal functions of the body. Many of these mechanisms are explained in detail at the cellular level. The course will be taught on-line. Required: Yes Elective: No 1. Course Learning Objectives: Upon completion of this course, students will be able to have: Introductory = knowledge and comprehension of concepts, definitions, Intermediate = application of concepts to simple situations Advanced = application of concepts to more complex situations with ability to synthesize and evaluate Knowledge Introductory Level: Neurophysiology - refer to weeks 1, 2 & 3 in Topic Outline/Schedule Endocrine Physiology - refer to weeks 3 & 4 in Topic Outline/Schedule Cardiovascular Physiology - refer to weeks 5 & 6 in Topic Outline/Schedule Blood Immune Physiology - refer to weeks 7 & 8 in Topic Outline/Schedule GI Physiology - refer to week 12 in Topic Outline/Schedule Intermediate Level: Advanced Level: Skills Introductory Level: Intermediate Level:
Advanced Level: Attitudes/Values Introductory Level: Intermediate Level: Advanced Level: 2. Rationale for Inclusion in the Curriculum: This course will provide pharmacy students with an overview of human physiology which is a pre-requisite for the pharmacy courses. The course will be taught by the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto. 3. Pre-requisites: (Link to relevant course outlines) Specify relevant knowledge or skills that are pre-requisite areas of emphasis 4. Statement of agreement from course coordinators of courses for which your course is a prerequisite: Coordinator's Name and course name and/or number: 5. Co-requisites: (for the current and subsequent year) (Link to relevant course outlines) Specify relevant knowledge or skills that are co-requisite areas of emphasis Anatomy PHM 145H1 6. Statement of agreement from course coordinators of courses for which your course is a corequisite: Coordinator's Name and course name and/or number: 7. Course Contact Hours and Teaching Methodologies: Didactic (lecture) Large group problem-based or case-based learning Large Group Size Laboratory or Simulation Tutorial/Seminar/Workshop/Small Group Small Group Size Experiential On-line Other (please specify)* * Other specific information: Total course contact persons persons 36 8. Estimate and description of student's out-of-class preparation time required: 4 per lecture hour
9. Course Coordinator (including contact information): Drs. Nohjin Kee - nohjin.kee@utoronto.ca; Chris Perumalla c.perumalla@utorontno.ca 10. Course Instructors (including contact information): Nohjin Kee: nohjin.kee@utoronto.ca Chris Perumalla: c.perumalla@utoronto.ca Kate Banks: kate.banks@utoronto.ca 11. Required Resources/Textbooks/Readings: Standfield and Germann. Principles of Human Physiology. Pearson. Required. 12. Recommended Resources/Textbooks/Readings: 13. Topic Outline/Schedule: Week 1 Topic/Lesson Objectives: Homeostasis; Intercellular Communication; Neuro1 Overview of the Nervous System Describe the major components of the nervous system and the direction of information flow within and among them. Describe the basic anatomy of a neuron. Compare the functions of each part of a neuron and describe the types of ion channels located in each part. Describe the grouping of neurons within the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Week 2 Topic/Lesson Objectives: Neuro2 Nerve Cells; Neuro3 Electrical & Chemical Synapses; Neuro4 Maintaining Neural Stability Describe the structure and function of myelin. Explain the ionic basis of the resting membrane potential. Describe the various properties of graded potentials, including direction of change in potential, magnitude of change, and temporal and spatial summation. Explain how graded potentials in neurons can trigger an action potential. Explain the ionic basis of an action potential. Describe the gating mechanisms for voltage gated sodium and potassium channels. Describe the propagation of action potentials from axon hillock to axon terminal, and compare propagation in myelinated and unmyelinated axons. Describe the refractory periods, including what causes the absolute and relative refractory periods, and explain their physiological significance. Describe the communication across chemical synapses. Explain how neurotransmitters are released and describe their actions after release. Compare fast and slow responses at synapses. Describe the process of neural integration and the role of the axon hillock in this process.
Week 3 Topic/Lesson Objectives: Neuro5 Central Nervous System; Neuro6 CNS and Integrated CNS; Describe the major classes of neurotransmitters, including chemical structure, synthesis, degradation and signal transduction mechanisms. Describe the anatomy of the brain and spinal cord, and relate structure to function. Indicate which structures protect the central nervous system, and which are involved in neural signalling. Describe the anatomy, physiology and consequences of the blood brain barrier. Describe the areas of the brain that contribute to voluntary control of skeletal muscles, and the basic roles these areas play. Describe the different stages of sleep and how the brain shifts from the sleep state to the conscious state. Describe the different types of learning and memory. Define neural plasticity and explain how it contributes to learning and memory. List at least four different stimuli capable of generating an action potential List at least two agents capable of inhibiting an action potential Endo1 Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary Compare the four major functional classes of chemical messengers (paracrines, autocrines, neurotransmitters, and hormones) with respect to the cell that releases them and the ways the messenger gets to the target cell. Describe the basic structure and function of each chemical class of messengers (amines, catecholamines, peptides, steroids and eicosanoids) with regard to mechanisms of synthesis, release, transport, and signal transduction. Compare and contrast the signal transduction mechanisms for lipophilic and lipophobic messengers. Week 4 Topic/Lesson Objectives: Endo2 The Anterior Pituitary & Thyroid Gland; Endo3 Adrenal Glands & Calcium Balance; Endo4 Hormones of Energy Metabolism Describe the following functional classes of receptors: channel-linked receptors, enzyme-linked receptors, and G protein-linked receptors. Compare and contrast communication mediated through the nervous and endocrine systems. Name the primary and secondary endocrine glands, and the hormones associated with each. Describe the links of the hypothalamus with the anterior and posterior pituitary lobes. Describe the role of tropic hormones in regulating the release of other hormones. Include feedback loops in your description. Describe the types of interactions between hormones acting on the same target cell, including additive, synergistic and permissive interactions. Compare the metabolic pathways operating during energy mobilization to those operating during energy utilization. Explain the concepts of negative energy balance and positive energy balance. Describe the hormonal control of metabolism during positive absorptive and postabsorptive states. Explain how growth hormone regulates growth. Describe the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones. Distinguish between direct and permissive actions of thyroid hormones.
Describe the stress response. Describe the events of meiosis, and explain the significance in gametogenesis and in the promotion of genetic diversity. Describe the role of sex chromosomes and sex hormones in the development of sexual characteristics. Describe the process of spermatogenesis and its hormonal regulation. Explain the cyclic variations in plasma hormone levels that occur during the menstrual cycle. Describe how these hormones regulate the ovarian and uterine changes that occur during this cycle. Describe the events that occur during fertilization, implantation and early embryonic development. Week 5 Topic/Lesson Objectives: Muscles & ANS; Cardio1 Overview of CVS; Cardio2 Electrical Activity in the CVS Identify the major components of the cardiovascular system, and briefly describe their functions. Identify the major structures of the heart, and describe the path of blood flow through the heart and vasculature. Explain the following events in the cardiac cycle: changes in ventricular, aortic and atrial pressure; changes in ventricular volume; and heart sounds. Trace the path of action potentials through the conduction system of the heart, and relate the heart s electrical activity to its pumping action. Week 6 Topic/Lesson Objectives: Cardio3 Cardiac Cycle; Cardio4 Cardiac Output; Cardio5 MAP & General Principles of Cardiovascular Describe how the phases of the electrocardiogram relate to the events of the cardiac cycle. Explain the difference between extrinsic control and intrinsic control, and explain how these terms relate to the regulation of the heart. Explain how each of the following variables affects cardiac output: sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous activity, circulating epinephrine, afterload, preload, end diastolic volume, ventricular contractility, and filling time. Describe the physics of blood flow through blood vessels. Explain the concepts of pressure gradients and resistance.
Describe the anatomy of the vasculature and explain the basic functional properties of the different types of blood vessels. Explain the role of arterioles in varying resistance. Describe how intrinsic control of vascular resistance regulates blood flow to organs. Explain how material is exchanged between blood and interstitium. Explain how mean arterial pressure influences blood flow to individual organs and to the entire systemic circuit, and identify the factors that determine mean arterial pressure. Describe what the arterial baroreceptor reflex is, and explain how it regulates mean arterial pressure. Understand the relationships among blood flow, pressure gradient, and resistance Define resistance and describe the main factors affecting resistance Define diastole, systole, end systolic volume, end diastolic volume, stroke volume, isovolumetric contraction, and ventricular ejection Describe Starling s Law and its application to cardiovascular dynamics Design your own experiments using the lab simulation for pump mechanics Define autorhythmicity, sinoatrial node, and pacemaker cells. Understand the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems on heart rate Understand the five phases of a cardiac action potential List at least key differences between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle Week 7 Topic/Lesson Objectives: Blood1 Blood Composition; Blood2 Hemostasis; Blood3 Overview of Immune System, Nonspecific Immunity Identify the major components of blood and describe their functions. Describe the life cycle of red blood cells. Identify the different classes of leukocytes and explain their roles in defence against pathogens. Describe the platelets and the mechanism of clot formation. Identify the lymphoid organs and briefly describe their functions.
Explain events that occur during inflammation. Describe how the skin and mucous membranes, inflammation, interferons, natural killer cells, and the complement system contribute to nonspecific defence. Week 8 Topic/Lesson Objectives: Blood4 Specific Immunity; Blood5 Specific Immunity & Blood Typing; Resp1 Overview of the Respiratory System Describe humoral immunity, or how B cells, through the production of antibodies, contribute to immune response. Describe cell mediated immunity, or how helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells contribute to immune response. Explain how immunization can lead to protection from infectious disease. Discuss the major immunological issues regarding blood transfusion and organ transplantation. Explain how immune dysfunction can result in allergy, autoimmunity or immunodeficiency. Become familiar with the normal values obtained with selected blood tests. Understand how common laboratory procedures for examining blood can indicate pathology, or a state of disease. Learn how the following blood tests are performed: hematocrit (packed cell volume) determination, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hemoglobin determination, blood typing, total blood cholesterol determination Understand what each of these procedures is measuring in a sample of blood Week 9 Topic/Lesson Objectives: Resp2 Principles of Gas Exchange; Resp3 Principles of Regulation; Renal1 Functions, Structure of Renal System, Filtration Week 10 Topic/Lesson Objectives: Renal2 Filtration & Reabsorption; Renal3 Reabsorption, Secretion, Clearance & Micturition;
Renal4 Sodium and Water Balance Week 11 Topic/Lesson Objectives: Renal5 Acid Base Balance; Endo5 Regulation of Reproduction I; Endo6 Regulation of Reproduction II Week 12 Topic/Lesson Objectives: GI1 Overview of the Digestive System; GI2 Digestion, Absorption of Nutrients & Water; GI3 General Principles of GI Regulation Identify the major organs of the gastrointestinal system, and describe the functions of each. Identify the various tissue layers that make up the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. Describe the fundamental mechanisms involved in the absorption of carbohydrate, protein and lipid digestion products, and explain how the mechanisms of lipid absorption is related to the hydrophobic nature of fats. In general terms, describe gastrointestinal hormones in the control of digestive function. Describe the functions of saliva, stomach acid, pancreatic juice and bile. Explain how the secretion of each of these substances is regulated. Define peristalsis and segmentation. Define digestive tract, accessory glands, digestion, salivary amylase, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, bile salts, pepsin, and lipase Understand the main functions and processes of the digestive system Understand the specificity of enzyme action Identify the three main categories of food molecules Identify the main enzymes, substrates, and products of carbohydrate, protein, and fat digestion Week 13 Topic/Lesson Objectives:
14. Assessment Methodologies Used: Learning Objective Addressed Assessment 1: Online Test 1 Assessment 2: Written Midterm Assessment 3: Online Test 2 Assessment 4: Written Final Assessment Method Used Assessment 1: Assessment 2: Assessment 3: Assessment 4: When Administered Assessment 1: Assessment 2: Assessment 3: Assessment 4: Percentage of Course Grade Assessment 1: 10% Assessment 2: 30% Assessment 3: 10% Assessment 4: 50% For Group Work (maximum 10% of course grade) indicate how marks within groups are allocated: Individualized or Same for all Group Members Assessment 1: Assessment 2: Assessment 3:
Assessment 4: Remediation Opportunities? Assessment 1: Assessment 2: Assessment 3: Assessment 4: Expectation for pass grades for all Pharmacy courses is 60%. 15. Policy and procedure regarding make-up assignments/examinations/laboratories: 16. Policy and procedure regarding supplemental assignments/examinations/laboratories: Students who miss a term test for genuine, documented medical reasons may write a supplementary test. The medical note must be submitted to the course coordinator within one week of the date of the missed test. The supplementary test will be scheduled approximately 10 days after the regularly scheduled test. Those students who miss both the test and the make-up will receive a mark of ZERO for that portion of their term mark.