A Acid base balance dietary protein detrimental effects of, 19 Acid base balance bicarbonate effects, 176 in bone human studies, 174 mechanisms, 173 174 in muscle aging, 174 175 alkali supplementation studies, 175 176 mechanism, 175 Acid base homeostasis adaptive response mechanisms, 168 bone skeleton alkali supplementation studies, 169 170 dietary acidity, 169 fruits and vegetables, 167, 168 169 future research, 170 link between, 168 and vegetarianism, 168 Acidosis. See also Acute acidosis; Chronic acidosis acid base balance in bone, 174 in muscle, 175 bone response to, 164 metabolic acidosis in chronic kidney disease, 161 physiologic response to, 161 treatment, 161 salt sensitivity, 197 198 Acute acidosis calcium release, 162 carbonates and phosphates, 162 hydrogen ion buffering, 162 Alkali supplementation studies acid base balance, 175 176 acid base homeostasis, 169 170 Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), 198 B BMC. See Bone mineral content BMD. See Bone mineral density Bone anabolic impact, 187 195 Bone mass acquisition bone mineral mass gain, 2 dietary intakes and bone growth, 2 milk displacement consequences, 6 peak bone mass, 1 peripheral quantitative tomography, 4 positive influence, dairy products, 5 protein intake influence, 3 randomized controlled intervention trials, 5 6 Bone metabolism and bicarbonates, 183 and calcium, 183 calcium vs. bicarbonate, 185 EMINOS studies, 182 184 and mineral water, 181 PRAL value, 184 Bone mineral content (BMC), 17, 20, 36, 141 Bone mineral density (BMD) calcium intake, stress fractures, 146 dietary patterns, 139 dietary protein beneficial effects of, 18 19 and calcium balance, 20 21 fracture risk increase, 20 fracture risk reduction, 19 influence of, 17, 73 negative association of, 20 positive association of, 18 Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), 121 C Calcium metabolism and bone accretion, Asian adolescents Asian Asians vs. American Asians, 35 BMC accretion, puberty, 36 lifestyle differences, 36 37 osteoporosis, incidence of, 35 36 regulators, comparison of, 38 true fractional calcium absorption (TFCA), 37 Calcium requirement estimation balance studies for factorial method, 42 maximal retention, 43 44 neutral balance approach, 42 43 calcium balance data, 48 controlled feeding studies and RCT, 47 48 determination, 41 201
202 RCT, 45, 47 use of balance data, 44 46 Calcium supplementation anthropometric measurements and pubertal stage, 68 bone mineral accretion, 70 bone mineral and body composition measurement, 68 calcium intervention effect, 70 comparison of, 69 physical activity level assessment, 68 RCT, 67 statistical analysis, 68 69 Chronic acidosis bone resorption, 162 163 gene expression regulation, 164 165 prostaglandin (PGE 2 ) levels, 163 164 proton signaling, 163 Citrus hesperidin. See Hesperidin Cluster analysis technique, 136 D Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 192 developmental study, 62 63 Diaphyseal bone adrenarchal sex steroids, 192 in children aims and methods of study, 193 conclusions of study, 194 195 criteria for study, 192 data from study, 193 194 Dietary options clinical trials, 176 future research alkali dose optimization, 178 bicarbonates and BMD, 178 bicarbonates and muscle, 177 food fortification, 178 Dietary patterns bone mineral density (BMD), 139 chronic diseases, 138 food groupings, 137, 138 food intake timing, 140 generated approaches, 136 137 nutrients forms, 136 Scree plots, 137 138 studies bone health, 139 140 chronic diseases, 138 variable importance plot, novel approaches, 140, 142 Dietary protein and bone health. See also Bone mass acquisition animal and vegetable protein, 21 22 beneficial effects fracture, reduced risk, 19 pre and postmenopausal stage, 18 pre and postmenopausal women, 18 19 risk of fracture reduction, 19 supplementation studies, 19 urinary N-telopeptide, 19 calcium intakes, 22 23 detrimental effects, 19 calciuria and bone markers, 20 fracture risk, 20 lower BMC and BMD, 20 phosphorus, sulfur, and potassium, 23 soy protein, 22 supplementation studies, 23 E Elder citizens physical performance study conclusions, 151 data, 150 limitations, 151 methods, 149 150 EMINOS studies C-telopeptides/creatinine levels, 182 mineral water composition, 182 PRAL index, 183 184 Endogenous steroid hormones. See Androstenediol Exercise, independent and combined effects bone strength calcium and vitamin D, 51 52 older adults, 52 53 bone structure and strength, 56 and calcium vitamin D supplementation, abmd, 54 56 interaction effect, 54 interaction mechanism, 56 57 F Factor analysis technique, 136 137 Female athletes, stress fractures longitudinal study conclusions, 146 147 methods, 145 146 results, 146 risk factors dietary patterns, 146 nutritional factors, 145 Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), 141 Fruits and vegetables skeletal health acid-base balance, 167 dietary interventions, 169 population-based studies, 168 G Generated dietary patterns computer, 136 non-computer, 136 137 PLS analysis, 137 reduced rank regression, 137 H Hesperetin-7-O-rhamnoglucoside. See Hesperidin Hesperidin absorption and metabolism, 154, 155 bioavailability, 154 chemical structure, 154 dietary intake, 153 154 preclinical development, osteoporosis bone parameters, 154 155, 157 intervention studies, postmenopausal women, 156
203 overview, 156 primary rat osteoblasts, 155 156 Qualitative and quantitative analyses, 157 High calcium and vitamin D diet effects anthropometric measurements, 78 BMD, 73 body fat mass change, 75 76 bone density and body composition measurement, 74 characteristics of, 75 dietary intake assessment, 74 higher intake of milk and vitamin D effect, 76 lean body mass gain and fat loss, 76 milk intake, 76 nutritional intake, 75 statistical analyses, 75 study design, 74 vitamin D intake effect, 76 weigth and body composition, mean, 77 High-protein (HP) weight-loss diets. See Protein intake, weight loss 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). See Vitamin D I IGF-1 receptors salt sensitivity, 199 and weight loss, 30 IGF-1 stimulating protein beneficial effects, 18 potential renal acid load (PRAL) model, 191 protein intake, 191 L Lumbar spine (LS), 141 M Mineral waters and bone metabolism, 181 calcium and bicarbonates, 181 EMINOS studies, 182 184 interventional studies, controlled, 183 184 PRAL value, 184 Muscle health and Vitamin D bone density, 109 calcium intake, 111 dose-dependent benefit, 110 111 dose response relationship, 110 fall prevention, 110 intake recommendation, 111 112 nonvertebral fracture, 110 111 N Net acid excretion (NAE) acid base balance, 176 178 NaCl intake, 197 198 protein intake and PRAL, 188 Net endogenous acid production (NEAP), 188, 189 Nitric oxide (NO), 198 N -terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (NTx), 123 Nutrients in food, different forms, 136 O Osteomalacia, 115 116 Osteoporosis and dietary intake, 199 LOESS plots, 117 nutritional factors calcium and Vitamin D, 153 flavonoids, hesperidin, 153 158 pathophysiological pathways, 116 risk factors, 121 122 and salt sensitivity, 199 type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) bone health predictors, 103 104 pathogenesis, 104 skeletal findings, 103 therapeutic implications, 104 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) bone health predictors, 104 105 in elderly patients, 104 pathogenesis, 105 risk factors, 106 therapeutic implications, 105 106 P Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 88 Partial least squares (PLS) analysis, 137 Phosphate homeostasis data handling, 100 PTH stimulation test, 99 100 sample collections and laboratory analyses, 100 seasonal differences, 100 101 subjects, 99 Phosphorus and bone dietary calcium/phosphorus ratio, 94 95 dietary phosphorus intake, 89 90 extracellular phosphorus effects, bone cells, 89 habitual phosphorus intake effect, 94 hypophosphatemia, low phosphorus intake, 89 phosphorus homeostasis, 87 88 PTH and bone, 88 serum phosphorus, PTH secretion, 88 89 skeleton, high phosphorus intake effect animal studies, 90 bone markers, 92 bone metabolism, 90 Ca homeostasis and bone turnover, 91 and health, 90 S-PTH concentration, 92, 93 Physical performance acid-base balance, muscle, 175 in elder citizens demographic charecteristics, 150 dietary patterns study, 150 nutrients studied, 149, 150 study limitations, 149, 150 Potential renal acid load (PRAL) IGF-1 stimulating protein, 191 methionine and cysteine content, 190 mineral water, EMINOS studies, 183 184 NAE, 188
204 Principal components analysis (PCA), 136, 139 Prostaglandin (PGE 2 ), chronic acidosis, 163 164 Protein effects, elderly women aging and nutrition anthropometric measurements, 10 bone and muscle structure baseline protein intake, 13 bone ultrasound attenuation (BUA), 11 demographics of, 11, 12 protein intake metabolic effect study (PIMES), 14 two test drink groups, characteristics of, 14 Protein intake adrenarchal sex steroids, muscularity, 192 193 alkaline-based nutrition, bone parameters, 189 BMC and cortical area (CA) association, 191 and bone health, 30 31 IGF-1 stimulating protein, 191 methionine and cysteine content, 190 PRAL and NAE, 188 weight loss, 30 Protein intake, weight loss and bone, 28 29 caloric restriction, 30, 31 and high protein diet, 27 28 IGF-1 levels, 30 R Randomized controlled intervention trials bone mass acquisition, 5 6 Randomized controlled trials (RCT) calcium requirement, 45, 47 calcium supplement, 67 controlled feeding studies, 47 48 Reduced rank regression (RRR) bone health, 137 dietary patterns, 150 Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI), 123 Rickets, 115 116 S Salt sensitivity asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), 198 metabolic syndrome, 199 NaCl and nitric oxide synthesis, 198 NaCl-induced metabolic acidosis, 197 198 pathogenetic pathways, 198 Scree plots, 137 138 Skeletal health and acid-base balance, 174 and alkaline-based nutrition, 189 in children benefits of calcium, 62 63 benefits of exercise, 60 62 bone development and fractures, 64 65 bone physiology, 59 60 developmental study, 62 63 diaphyseal bone, effects on, 192 194 exercise studies, 60 62 mechanical load, 60 methionine and cysteine, 190 PRAL calculation, 189 190 and metabolic acidosis, 197 metabolic acidosis vs. NO synthesis, 198 199 and muscle, 174 muscle mass and endocrine factors, 187 and nitric oxide, 198 Paleolithic diet alkaline nutrition, 188 protein intake, 187 vs. modern diet, 188 and parathyroid hormone (PTH), 88 and protein-mediated effects, 191 and salt senstivity, 198 199 and sodium chloride intake, 197 198 Sodium Chloride, 197 199. See also Salt sensitivity Stress fractures bone mineral density (BMD) and calcium intake, 146 and low fat diet, 146 Cox proportional hazards models, 145 dietary analysis, 145 dietary patterns, 146 in young female athletes, risk factors, 145 T T1DM. See Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), osteoporosis T2DM. See Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), osteoporosis Trace elements and bone for bone metabolism, 84 deficiencies and interactions, 84 85 micronutrient deficiency, 81 rickets, calcium deficiency, 83 84 selenium, 83 vitamin D receptor/rxr receptor, 82 zinc, 82 83 Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), osteoporosis bone health predictors, 103 104 skeletal findings, 103 therapeutic implications, 104 Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), osteoporosis bone health predictors, 104 105 in elderly patients, 104 pathogenesis, 105 risk factors, 106 therapeutic implications, 105 106 V Vitamin D and bone density, 109 and bone health, 115 119 and calcium intake, 111 in childhood bone mineral density (BMD), 127 128 calcium absorption and PTH levels, 129 25(OH)D levels, 127 128 supplementation effects, 128 129 deficiency of osteomalacia, 115 116 osteoporosis and fractures, 116 118 rickets, 115 116 risk groups, 115 dose-dependent benefit, 110 111
205 dose response relationship, 110 Dutch Health Council recommendations, 119 intake recommendation, 111 112 older adults calcium absorption and PTH levels, 131 132 25(OH)D levels, 129 130 supplementation effects, 130 131 pathophysiology, 25(OH)D, 115 public health implications, 118 rickets and osteomalacia, 115 116 role in fall prevention, 110 fracture prevention, 109 muscle health, 109 110 nonvertebral fracture, 110 111 supplementation effects calcium absence, 130 calcium presence, 130 131 childhood, bone mineral accretion, 128 129 long-term intervention study, 131 older adults, 130 131 young adults age-related bone loss, 121 dietary requirements, biochemical cut-off levels, 123 124 low status impacts, 122 123 risk factors, osteoporosis, 121 122