NEW RADIATION LEGISLATION M M TREVOR

NEW RADIATION LEGISLATION M M TREVOR

RADIATION Aims to: Produce a working definition for the term Radiation Consider what types of radiation are present in the workplace Look at risk assessment of artificial optical radiation and electromagnetic radiation Discuss possible implications of the draft IRR 2018

WHAT IS RADIATION?

RADIATION Tasks set in audience s PowerPoint Please list what types of energy sources you think we need to consider. For each energy source you identified please give its method of energy transfer. Please identify if you would consider potential energy transfer to be radiation. Have a stab at a definition.

RADIATION Radiation the transfer of energy from a source This is far too simple a definition we need to consider: Types of energy Types of transfer Radiation radiates: Obeys the Invers Square Law (ISL) rule

RADIATION Energy We have an energy source such as a hot object (heat), a loud speaker (sound) or a candle (light) This energy is transferred from the source to another point usually as a wave Note for heat we consider radiation transfer not conduction or convection

RADIATION Energy We have an energy source such as an unstable nucleus E = mc 2 This radiation is in the form of charged particles (alpha and beta) and uncharged particles (neutrons) Energy emitted is sufficiently large to ionize an atom

RADIATION Energy transfer Energy travels from the source in straight lines rectilinear propagation It continues to do this until acted upon by an external factor For example alpha particles are quickly acted upon by the earths gravitational field this would not happen in outer space

RADIATION Potential Energy Potential energy being the energy of a body as a result of its position For example an electric, magnetic or gravitational potential energy Force is a method to transfer energy Energy is transferred to the object which the force is acted upon [gives motion KE]

RADIATION Concept of a Field The field due to a body (mass, charge or magnet) is the region of space surrounding the body where other bodies will feel a force due to it s presence Movement in a field changes the potential energy of a body So energy has been transferred

RADIATION Field lines We can try to model the field using field lines or lines of force Gives the direction another body will move under the influence of the force Field lines have three possible arrangements (as seen with gravitational, electric and magnetic fields)

RADIATION http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/isq.html

RADIATION We do not have magnetic dipoles however the strength of the force does obey the invers square law

RADIATION Definition: Radiation is the transfer of energy (including potential energy) from a (point) source outward such that it obeys the inverse square law (until an interaction takes place), where the energy is transferred as a wave, a particle or the repositioning of a body within a field When energy is radiated from the source, energy is transferred from the source to another point

RADIATION IN THE WORKPLACE Gravitational field (working at heights) Sound (noise) Electric and magnetic fields 2016 Electromagnetic radiation Radio waves Micro waves Visible radiation 2010 Ionizing radiation draft for 2018

THE ICNIRP

ICNIRP International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection. An independent organization, providing scientific advice and guidance on the health and environmental effects of non-ionizing radiation (NIR) to protect people and the environment from detrimental NIR Investigate the effect of non-ionizing radiation on the body for the different frequencies at http://www.icnirp.org/

CONTROL OF AOR AT WORK REGULATIONS 2010

OPTICAL RADIATION Light is an everyday example of optical radiation (artificial optical radiation, if it is emitted by a lamp and not the sun). The term optical radiation is used because light is a form of electromagnetic radiation, and because it has effects on the eye i.e. it enters the eye, is focused and then detected.

OPTICAL RADIATION Task set in audience s PowerPoint Please try and calculate the power disposition to the eye.

OPTICAL RADIATION Consider a 10 W laser (mid-day sun is 10 W cm -2 ) The beam is 1 mm in diameter With a power disposition of 1000 W cm -2 This is sufficient to ignite paper or cause skin burns If the beam enters the eye it will be focused by the lens to give a power disposition 100 000 times greater or 10 8 W cm -2 Even if the laser operates at 900 nm (beyond the visible range) it still penetrates the eye and can cause damage.

OPTICAL RADIATION Heat black body radiation Temperature in K 1,000 Red Colour emitted 1,500 Reddish orange 2,000 Yellowish orange 2,800 Yellow 3,500 Yellowish white 4,500 Warm white 5,500 White KE of the atom (charge in motion) gives an electromagnetic wave

OPTICAL RADIATION Some of the invisible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum are included in the term optical radiation. These are the ultraviolet and infrared spectral regions. Although they cannot be seen (the retina doesn t have detectors for these wavelengths) portions of these spectral regions can penetrate the eye, to a greater or lesser degree. UVA is transmitted to the retina less efficiently than green light

OPTICAL RADIATION Exposure limits exist for the spectral region 180 nm to 3,000 nm for noncoherent optical radiation and from 180 nm to 1 mm for laser radiation. Ultraviolet C (UVC) 100 280 nm UVB 280 315 nm UVA 315 400 nm Visible 380 780 nm Infrared A (IRA) 780 1,400 nm IRB 1 400 3,000 nm IRC 3,000 1,000,000 nm (3 μm to 1 mm)

OPTICAL RADIATION Unit of measure irradiance means the radiant power incident per unit area upon a surface expressed in watts per square metre (W m -2 ) radiance means the radiant flux or power output per unit solid angle per unit area expressed in watts per square metre per steradian ( W m -2 sr -1 ) radiant exposure means the time integral of the irradiance, expressed in joules per square metre (J m -2 )

OPTICAL RADIATION You can access the free download of the Non-binding guide to good practice for implementing Directive 2006/25/EC from the following: http://www.uniheidelberg.de/md/zentral/universitaet/beschaeftigte/service/s icherheit/leitfaden_eu_optische_strahlung_engl.pdf Laser classification and safety are in section eight from page 27 AOR biological effects are in appendix B page 46 onwards Exposure limits (Annex I and II) from page 123

OPTICAL RADIATION As required by our membership of the EU the British Government produced new legislation on Artificial Optical Radiation (AOR). http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/1140/pdfs/uksi_ 20101140_en.pdf To assist employers in implementing this new legislation the government has produced a useful guide at the web site below: http://www.hse.gov.uk/radiation/nonionising/optical.htm

OPTICAL RADIATION Hazard Whenever electromagnetic radiation interacts with a material, it is likely to deposit some energy at the point of interaction (possible damage mechanism). We must also consider AOR effects on the skin (requires health surveillance of workers) The most serious long-term effect of UV radiation is the induction of skin cancer. The non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell. Malignant melanoma is the main cause of skin cancer death, although its incidence is less than NMSC.

OPTICAL RADIATION Where should you be? As an employer with only safe sources Have a list of all the sources in your workplace (see list in guide page three) Not on the list? Let your employees know you only have safe sources Have a list of workers that have issues with AOR (migraine sufferers) Review with new equipment

OPTICAL RADIATION As an employer with normally safe sources that could be inappropriately used Have a list of all these sources in your workplace Identify what needs to be done to keep your employees safe Let your employees know what actions they need to take to keep the sources safe when in use Record and review

OPTICAL RADIATION For one from the following list indicate what instructions you would give to keep your employee safe.

OPTICAL RADIATION Inappropriately used (placed close to eye) safe sources can cause harm. Ceiling-mounted and task lights without diffusers or filters Desktop projectors and vehicle headlights Non-laser medical lights Multiple photographic flash lamps and art & entertainment lights UV insect traps Group 2 lamp systems [see British Standard BS EN 62471: 2008] and class 1M, 2 or 2M lasers

OPTICAL RADIATION As an employer with hazardous sources Have a list of all these sources in your workplace Undertake a risk assessment Identify what control measures are needed to keep your employees safe see next set of slides Implement controls and check outcome (Take action if employees are exposed to AOR in excess of the exposure limits) Record and review

OPTICAL RADIATION HTTP://WWW.HSE.GOV.UK/RADIATION/NONIONISING/OPTICAL.HTM Hazardous light source (see Table 1) Metal working: welding (arc and oxy-fuel) and plasma cutting Pharmaceutical and research: UV fluorescence and sterilisation systems Hot industries: furnaces Printing: UV curing of inks/motor vehicle repairs: UV curing of paints and welding Medical and cosmetic treatments: laser surgery, blue light and UV therapies, Intense Pulsed Light sources (IPLs) Industry, research and education: use of Class 3B and Class 4 lasers (laser safety advisor) Any Risk Group 3 lamp or lamp system (including LEDs), for example search lights, professional projections systems

OPTICAL RADIATION General control measures to consider Use an alternative, safer light source that can achieve the same result Use filters, screens, remote viewing, curtains, safety interlocks, clamping of work pieces, dedicated rooms, remote controls and time delays Train workers in best-practice and give them appropriate information Organise the work to reduce exposure to workers and restrict access to hazardous areas Issue personal protective equipment (PPE), e.g. clothing, goggles or face shields. Use relevant safety signs

OPTICAL RADIATION Risk Assessment Use manufactures data To measure or calculate the levels of exposure - follow the following standards or recommendations where they apply; or follow national or international sciencebased guidelines (a) for laser radiation, the standards of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC); or (b) for non-coherent radiation, the standards of the IEC and the recommendations of the International Commission for Illumination (CIE) and the European Committee for Standards (CEN).

OPTICAL RADIATION You need to record the level, wavelength and duration of exposure (with the exposure limit values) the effects of exposure on employees or groups of employees whose health is at particular risk from exposure any possible effects on the health and safety of employees resulting from interactions between AOR and photosensitising chemical substances any indirect effects of exposure on the health and safety of employees such as temporary blinding, explosion or fire the availability of alternative equipment designed to reduce levels of exposure

OPTICAL RADIATION appropriate information obtained from health surveillance, including where possible published information multiple sources of exposure any class 3B or 4 laser that is classified in accordance with the relevant IEC standard that is in use by the employer and any artificial optical radiation source that is capable of presenting the same level of hazard information provided by the manufacturers of artificial optical radiation sources and associated work equipment in accordance with the relevant European Union Directives.

ELECTRIC & MAGNETIC FIELDS

E & M RADIATION Note: The information presented is obtained from the government archive of the Health Protection Agency site. This archive was created 01-04-2014 and its maintenance cannot be guaranteed. (32 slides) http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140714084352/http:// www.hpa.org.uk/topics/radiation/understandingradiation/atagla nce/flash_electricandmagneticfields/

E & M RADIATION Electric fields are generated where a voltage exists but current does not necessarily flow Even when an appliance is unplugged or switched off the field exists around the ring main

E & M RADIATION Magnetic fields are created only when the electric current flows Magnetic field at 90 o to electric field

E & M RADIATION Units Electric field in volts per metre (V m -1 ) or in kilovolts per metre (kv m -1 ) Magnetic field in tesla (T) or its subdivisions (mt, µt and nt) Field strength at 50 cm from appliance Microwave oven 1.7 µt Washing machine 1.0 µt Vacuum cleaner 0.8 µt Dish washer 0.8 µt Food mixer 0.7 µt Hair dryer 0.12 µt

E & M RADIATION

CONTROL OF EMF AT WORK REGULATIONS 2016

E & M RADIATION You can access the free download of the Non-binding guide to good practice for implementing Directive 2013/35/EC for SMEs from the following: https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/- /publication/c5fb1d53-8775-11e5-b8b7-01aa75ed71a1/language-en/format-pdf/source-47229864 Health effects are given on pages eight and nine Type of equipment or workplace that put employees at risk with and without active implants are given on pages (14 to 17)

E & M RADIATION As required by our membership of the EU the British Government produced new legislation on EMF http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/1140/pdfs/uksi_ 20101140_en.pdf To assist employers in implementing this new legislation the government has produced a useful guide at the web site below: http://www.hse.gov.uk/radiation/nonionising/optical.htm

E & M RADIATION Questions set in audience s PowerPoint Dose this type of radiation cause cancer? Are the effects of this radiation cumulative?

E & M RADIATION Hazard Note this legislation does not cover suggested long-term health effects. Direct effects are separated into: non-thermal effects, such as the stimulation of nerves, muscles and sensory organs thermal effects, such as tissue heating See pages (5 to 7) HSE CEMFAW guide

E & M RADIATION All these effects show a threshold below which there is no risk, and exposures below the threshold are not cumulative in any way. The effects caused by exposure are transient being limited to the duration of exposure.

E & M RADIATION Indirect effects Where the presence of an object may become the cause of a safety or health hazard Interference with electronic equipment and other devices (active and passive implants) Electric shocks or burns from contact currents

E & M RADIATION Employees working close to equipment operating at high currents or high voltages may be in regions of strong electromagnetic fields. This is also likely to be the case for equipment designed to deliberately transmit electromagnetic radiation at high power. These strong fields may exceed the ALs or ELVs AL Action Level and ELV Exposure Limit Value See schedule Part 2 and Part 3 of the legislation

E & M RADIATION

E & M RADIATION Industrial sources of EMF which may exceed the ELVs and/or the indirecteffect ALs Light industry Heating (Dielectric, Induction & Microwave), welding (Resistance, Manual & Steam), magnetic particle inspection, Industrial magnetiser and demagnetisers, RF plasma devices including vacuum deposition and sputtering Heavy industry - Industrial electrolysis, Furnaces, arc and induction melting (Microwave drying in the construction industry) Transport - Electrically-powered trains and trams, Radar (air traffic control & weather)

E & M RADIATION Exemption Regulations allow the sensory-effect ELVs to be exceeded when certain safety conditions are met. Armed forces MRI - development, testing, installation, use and maintenance of, or research related to, MRI equipment for patients in the health sector, where: the exposure of employees above the ELV is at the lowest level reasonably practicable employees are protected against the health effects and safety risks arising from their exposure to EMFs

E & M RADIATION Where should you be? As an employer with only safe sources Have a list of all the sources in your workplace (see list in guide pages (9-10)) Let your employees know you only have safe sources Have a list of workers that have issues with EMF (see next slide) Review with new equipment

E & M RADIATION Tasks set in audience s PowerPoint Please identify some implanted and body-worn devices.

E & M RADIATION Workforce employees at particular risk: Employees wearing active/passive implanted medical devices (AIMDs and PIMDs ), or body-worn medical devices (BWMDs) Employees who are pregnant Employees who work in close proximity to electro-explosive devices, explosive materials or flammable atmospheres

E & M RADIATION As an employer with hazardous sources Assess the levels of EMFs and ensure that exposure is below a set of ELVs. If the AL is not exceeded, exposure cannot exceed the corresponding ELV. If the AL is exceeded it is still possible, and it is often the case, that the corresponding ELV will not be exceeded. When appropriate, devise and implement an action plan to ensure compliance with the exposure limits. When appropriate, assess the risks of employees exposure and eliminate or minimise those risks.

E & M RADIATION You must make sure you take employees at particular risk into account. Provide information and training on the particular risks (if any) posed to employees and details of any action you are taking to remove or control them. Take action if employees are exposed to EMFs in excess of the ELVs Provide health surveillance or medical examination, as appropriate. (You should follow the general control measures to consider as with AOR)

IONIZING RADIATION

IONIZING RADIATION X-rays (100 kev ~ 10 8 K) Note 100 s after the Big Bang temperature 10 9 K and one month after temperature 10 7 K

IONIZING RADIATION Propose to transpose the BSSD on 1st January 2018 five weeks before the transposition deadline. IRR 1999 - exposure to ionising radiation is calculated and assessed on a calendar year basis. Dose Limit for exposure to the lens of the eye Reduction of equivalent dose from 150 msv to 20 msv in a year Authorisation of 5 year averaging for dose limit to lens of the eye: Dutyholders can make use of this flexibility but this will be subject to conditions specified by HSE.

IONIZING RADIATION Graded Approach Three tiered risk-based system of regulatory control. The BSSD refers to these levels as notification, registration, and licensing and the higher the radiation protection risk associated with the work, the greater the requirements. It requires the Competent Authority (HSE) to have in place a positive system of authorisation whereby they grant permission to dutyholders for higher risk activities through registration and licensing. Online System was expected to be up and running by now. You need to contact your RPA.

IONIZING RADIATION HSE propose periodically renewing licenses and registrations. They also propose extending licensing requirements to a small number of further practices where the risks are considered to be the same, if not higher, than those the Directive requires to be licensed. Remove seven days notice of every instance of site radiography. Restrictions could be placed on site radiography practices within specific conditions in any licence documentation issued

IONIZING RADIATION Other new key requirements Weighting factors: Introduction of new weighting factors for dosimetry. Record retention: Change from 50 years to not less than 30 years retention after the last day of work. Notification and recording of significant events: HSE have interpreted significant event as an event which results in an accident. HSE propose to link this to the IRR requirement for contingency plans.

IONIZING RADIATION Outside workers: the definition of outside workers in the regulations to be amended to include all those who work with radiation to ensure outside workers are afforded the same protection as those workers employed by the employer responsible for the work. Public dose estimation: Procedures are required that estimate the does to members of the public. Although environmental regulations cover most practices, IRR will be amended to cover those that do not.

IONIZING RADIATION Appointed doctor: HSE intend to remove the requirement for a registered medical practitioner to be appointed in writing for the purposes of these Regulations. Authorisation of the whole body dose limit in special cases: HSE will authorise the application of an effective dose limit of 100 msv over five years (with no more than 50 msv in a single year) rather than dutyholders only giving prior notification.

IONIZING RADIATION Dosimetry services: The BSSD requires the recognition of the ability of dosimetry services to perform certain dosimetry functions by the competent authority. HSE is to adopt the BSSD terminology of recognition in place of approval as part of revising the current dosimetry service regime. Radon: IRR expresses the radon reference level over a 24 hour period, while the BSSD expressed the reference level on an annual basis. Calculations show the current IRR requirement is equivalent to the annual average in BSSD. HSE will therefore adopt the value in the BSSD.

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