Deborah Hughis Final Exam 9802 Dr. Morote Use Survey Happiness Complete. SAV file on Blackboard Assigned to Mistake 8 (We were given individualized data from files and had to analyze them to complete the exam) 1. Does your salary depend on your college GPA? College GPA in this case is the dependent variable. (F or T) Answer- False Salary is the dependent variable because its value depends on the GPA. The GPA is the independent variable because it is a fixed value, which stands alone. 2. We want to test whether ex husbands and ex wives have the same reasons to justify the divorce. This is a paired sample t test? (F or T) Answer False. A paired sample t-test assess whether the population mean differences between paired observations, like a before/after data, pre/post test. We would use an Independent t-test to assess whether ex-husbands and ex-wives have the same reasons to justify the divorce. An independent t-test evaluates whether population means for the independent groups are different from each other. 3. Effect size measures are.04 (small),.08 (medium) and.14 (large) (T or F) Answer False the effect measures for t test d are.2 (small),.5 (medium),.8 (large) regardless of sign. Part II Test whether the variable assigned to you (Mistake 8) has a normal distribution. 1. Present the descriptive statistics of the variable.
Table 1 (From Dr. Morote s video) Descriptive Statistics N Minimum Maximum M SD Mistake 8 165 4 20 10.25 2.66 Valid N (listwise) 165 Table 2 (From chapter 21) Descriptives Statistic Std. Error Mistake 8 Mean 10.2545.20734 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound 9.8451 Upper Bound 10.6639 5% Trimmed Mean 10.2424 Median 10.0000 Variance 7.093 Std. Deviation 2.66333 Minimum 4.00 Maximum 20.00 Range 16.00 Interquartile Range 4.00 Skewness.232.189 Kurtosis.317.376 2. Does the variable have normal distribution? Answer- yes 3. Present the histogram with the normal curve.
4. Do you have outliners? Answer- Yes 5. Why is it important to test for normal distribution? Answer- It is important to check for normal distribution because you need to know if the test you are using will work with your data and to test for reliable data. It is also important for statistical inference point of view, to reject the null. Question 2 One Sample t test Research question.
Are those who responded to the survey, above or below the population score of the what ifs? Table 3 (one sample T-test from Dr. Morote} N M SD SEM t df p Mistake 8 165 10.25 2.66 0.21-34.95 164 0 Table 4 (ch 22) One-Sample Test t df p Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Mistake 8-34.95 164 0-7.25-7.65-6.84 Test value 17.5 Write the results A one-sample t test was conducted on the Mistake 8 scores to evaluate whether their mean was significantly different from 17.5, the accepted population score in general. The sample mean of 10.25 (SD=2.66) was significantly different from 17.5, t(164)=-34.94, p=.00. The 95% confidence interval for Mistake 8 mean ranged from 9.85 to 10.66. The effect size d of 2.72 indicates a large effect. Effect size was tabulated by using d= Question 3 T-test. 3a) Research question Means Difference - 7.25 SD 2.66 Does the average What if population differ from those who thought about divorce or separation and those who did not?
3b) APA Table see Table 5 Table 5 Thought about divorce Mistake 8 N M SD SEM t df p thought on divorce or separation 76 9.83 2.76 0.32-1.91 163 0.06 no answer 89 10.62 2.54 0.27 3C) Explain results. Find effect size An independent-samples t test was conducted to evaluate the mean difference of what if people to those who thought about divorce or separation as opposed to people who did not. The test was significant t (163)=-1.91,p = >0.05. The what ifs who thought about divorce or separation was (M 9.83, SD= 2.76). and the what ifs who did not was (M=10.62, SD=2.54) The 95% confidence interval for the difference in means ranged from -1.60 to.025. The standardized effect size index, d was -0.29 indicating a small effect size. The effect size indicated 29% of the what ifs variable was accounted for by whether a person who thought about divorce or separation and those who did not. Part III- Understanding the meaning of statistics in a research article. Read Self-Esteem and Trust:Correlation Between Self-Esteem and Willingness to Trust in Undergraduate Students. By Weining & Smith 1. Why did the authors mention that they have used random sampling? The authors revealed they used random sampling because random sampling is the best way to avoid bias. It provides equal opportunity to all those in the selected population an equal chance
to participate. This procedure ensures that no group or individual is favored or excluded from the opportunity to participate. In order for the authors to collect a random sampling they needed access to a randomizing mechanism. A randomizing mechanism is a way of collected data that holds little to none personal information. Like a phone number. A phone number may reveal what state and town you live in but not personal attributes. In this study the authors used the college enrollment list for undergraduate students on campus and randomly distributed surveys by hand in campus dorms. Unfortunately even with random sampling bias can occur. The authors noted that one of their limitations was that the sample group they obtained had a lack of diversity in the way of race, socioeconomic background and that they were primarily Christian religious affiliation. 2. What is the research question that is guiding this answer? The research question that is guiding the study is Is there a specific correlation between trust and self esteem? What is the conclusion and recommendation that the authors provide based on these findings? The conclusions and recommendations that the authors provided based on the findings are that the data collected supported the given hypothesis that self-esteem and the willingness to trust would have a positive correlation. When self-esteem was high, willingness to trust would also be high in an individual. When self-esteem was low, confidence in self and in others is low, which makes the willingness to trust someone less evident. Due to the limitations of this study, which included sample size, sample group, self reported data and time constraints, the authors stated that they would like to research further using specific areas of age and gender. They reported that this research led them to have
more questions on whether middle-aged adults and if differences in gender would reveal different findings. 3. What is the effect size of the correlation presented in the study, explain the relationship of trust and self-esteem. Answer The effect size is.21 This answer was tabulated by r=.463 2 The relationship between self-esteem and willingness to trust shared a variance of 21%, showing a moderate positive correlation.