INDEX A Academic performance, 58, 91, 94, 99 Academic scores, 58 Academic skills, 79 Acceptance, 4, 57, 61, 64, 65, 78, 81, 88, 91, 107, 110 112, 114, 120 123, 128, 134, 139, 148, 151, 157 commitment therapy (ACT), 107, 120 123, 148 commitment therapy for teens, 121 Aches, 49, 80 Achievement, 36, 37, 58, 109, 110 Adolescence, 1, 2, 5 6, 12, 28 29, 31, 35, 36, 47, 48, 50, 55, 63, 144, 152 Adolescence, stress, 2, 6, 52, 53, 146 Affective regulation, 51 52, 80 Affective strengths, 51, 84 Aggression, 60, 61, 78, 89, 110, 127 130 Aggressive behaviors, 61, 78, 110, 112, 129 Alternative school, 56, 64, 75, 100 Anger, 54 56, 67, 86, 89, 90, 95, 99, 129, 133, 137 139 management, 84, 89, 137 Anxiety, 13 16, 30, 53 54, 67, 84, 88 91, 94 99, 109 115, 117, 119, 133, 137, 146, 149, 158 state, 95 96 trait, 95 96 Appraisal of stress, 52, 87 Attention, 3, 4, 15, 26, 28, 29, 56 58, 61, 76, 79, 80, 82 84, 88, 93, 100, 110 115, 120, 128, 129, 135, 145, 146, 148, 155, 156, 158, 159 deficit-hyperactivity disorder, 113, 146 Awareness, 3, 4, 27, 28, 33, 49, 51, 56, 60, 79, 81, 82, 84, 86, 88, 92, 112 115, 130, 133, 135, 136, 138, 151, 155, 156 B Behavioral activation, 121 competence, 38 flexibility, 29, 110 health, 2, 7, 8, 16, 107 123, 127, 144 management, 128 The Author(s) 2017 B.L. Wisner, Mindfulness and Meditation for Adolescents, DOI 10.1057/978-1-349-95207-6 167
168 INDEX Behavioral (cont.) problems, 16, 60, 61, 90, 127, 132, 158 regulation, 50, 67, 112, 115, 144 self-control, 67 Behavior problems, 60 62, 78, 89, 114, 115 Benson-Henry Institute, 10, 92, 151 Benson, Herbert, 4, 10, 11, 14, 29, 52, 58, 62, 92, 93 Biegel, Gina, 12, 14, 52, 54, 62, 84, 108, 109, 150 Bio-ecological systems perspective, 31 Biological, 1 2, 30 32, 48 50, 67, 78, 144 Bio-psycho-social-cultural model, 31, 48 Biopsychosocial model, 31 Blood pressure, 10, 15, 49, 86, 96 97, 99, 158 Borderline personality disorder (BPD), 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 148 b program, the, 76, 80 82, 153 Broderick, Patricia, 12, 49, 51, 53, 62, 79 Bronfenbrenner, Urie, 31 32 Buddhism, 2 3 C Calmness (calm), 10, 51, 89, 128, 129 Cardiovascular concerns, 66 disease, 49 health, 89, 96, 144 reactivity, 48 49, 96, 99 Centering, 2 3 Centering prayer in Christianity, 2 Center for Mind-body Medicine (CMBM), 4, 6, 11, 14, 15, 50, 54, 92, 98 99, 107, 127, 130 131, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 158 Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Health Care, and Society, 151, 153 Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice at Bangor University in North Wales, 153 Challenges, in teaching mindfulness and meditation to adolescents, 143, 150 155 Class participation, 82 Classroom behavior, 16, 90, 156, 159 cooperation, 93 engagement, 16, 90, 159 Clinical settings, 53, 54, 59, 108, 143, 152 Cognition, 14, 28, 30 Cognitive behavioral, 25, 29 30, 39, 53, 59, 61, 63, 64, 85, 86, 89, 108, 110, 112, 115, 123, 145, 152 behavioral life skills, 86 behavioral therapy, 29, 53, 57, 60, 64, 84, 85, 86, 89, 111, 113, 123, 135, 157 benefits, 56 58, 88, 123 benefits of mindfulness, 50 competence, 38 control (control thinking), 57 58 distress, 123 errors, 57, 86 patterns, 115 performance, 15, 90, 158 practices, 52, 53, 76, 94 restructuring, 108 techniques, 29, 133 therapy, 7, 29, 81, 107 108, 113 115, 148 Community settings, 2, 8, 50, 54, 67, 83, 127, 130
INDEX 169 Complementary interventions, 2, 7, 9 Concentration, 3, 9, 56 57, 95 Confucianism, 3 Correctional settings, 56, 127, 131, 133, 135, 149 Counseling, 1, 2, 7, 8, 16, 25, 91, 107 123, 127, 144 Creativity, 58, 95 96, 99 Cultural aspects, 65 beliefs, 158 benefits, 48, 65 66, 159 competence, 135 contexts, 1, 65, 144, 146 empowerment, 158 factors, 31, 35, 65, 66, 99, 157, 159 groups, 158 rituals, 88 sensitivity, 161 Culturally Adapted CBT, 157 D De-centering, 27 Decreased negative affect, 80 Decreased tiredness, 49, 80 Definition of meditation, 2 5 Depression, 7, 13 16, 30, 53 54, 78, 80, 83, 85, 89, 90, 109, 110, 113, 114 119, 131, 133, 137, 148, 158 Depressive symptoms, 53, 78, 82, 87, 115, 118, 122, 123 Developmental assets, 39 Developmental neuroscience, 25, 27 30, 50, 55, 59, 61, 63, 89, 99, 110, 112, 115, 119, 130, 136, 145 Dialectical behavior therapy, 107 108, 116 119, 148 Distress tolerance skills, 116, 120 E Ecological perspectives, 31, 40, 110, 131, 136, 145, 152 Emotional arousal, 6, 52, 87 awareness, 133 135 challenges, 115, 118 119 competence, 81 conditions, 7 coping, 51, 84, 89 crisis, 123 disclosure, 136 discomfort, 52, 109, 154 distress, 123, 133, 137 dysregulation, 117, 118 flexibility, 67, 144 health, 123, 132, 144 intelligence, 52, 94, 99, 133 problems, 26, 52 regulation, 6, 51 54, 67, 79, 90, 116, 118 regulation skills, 6 self-control, 51 self-regulation, 26, 50, 51, 110, 112, 115, 119, 123 stability, 82 states, 4 strengths, 6 stress, 11 symptoms, 98 Emotionally provoking experiences, 129, 130 Empathy, 64, 78, 90, 133 134, 151 Energy, 51 Enlightenment, 4 Erikson, Erik, 31, 35 Ethnic identity development, 36 Executive functioning (EF), 16, 28, 50, 55, 57 58, 78, 79, 89, 90, 112, 159
170 INDEX Executive functions, 29, 97 Externalizing problems (behaviors), 88 F Facilitating mindfulness and meditation, 154 Family involvement, 63, 84, 90 Flight-or-fight stress response, 10 Fluid intelligence, 95, 96 Focus, 3, 94, 133137 Focused attention, 3 G Global and cultural considerations mindfulness and meditation programs for adolescents, 157 Gordon, James, 4, 11, 14, 54, 98, 130, 131, 152 Greco, Laurie A., 12, 108, 121, 150, 160 Greenland, Susan Kaiser, 12, 83 H Hawn Foundation, The, 76, 154 Hayes, Steven C., 12, 107, 120, 122 Health Care, and Society, the Center for Mind Body Medicine, 151 Himelstein, Sam, 51, 53, 56, 60, 134 136, 147 Hinduism, 2 Home home-based practice, 128 130, 144, 147 practice, 87, 94, 109, 111, 114, 147, 149 150, 160 Homeless shelter, 131, 133, 136 Homeless youth, 66, 133 Hopelessness, 54, 131 Hospital setting, 52 Hostility, 60, 87, 109 Hypertension, 9, 14, 49 I Identity development, adolescent, 35 37, 63, 146 diffusion, 36 exploration, 36, 63 foreclosure, 36 moratorium, 36 Improved school climate, 84 Impulsivity, 60, 117, 121, 134, 137, 145 Indigenousness communities, 3 Information processing speed, 95, 96, 99 Inner Kids Program, The, 82 83, 154 Inner Resilience Program, 82 83, 154 Inpatient treatment, 117, 135 Internal Alchemy in Daoism, 2 Internalizing problems, 88 Interpersonal relationships, 64, 133 Interpersonal strengths, 63, 84 Intrusive thoughts, 57, 87, 90 J Juvenile justice, 127, 133 137, 144, 147 149 K Kabat-Zinn, Jon, 4, 6, 7 8, 11, 79, 83, 107, 108 Kabbalah in Judaism, 2 Kirtan Kriya, 3
INDEX 171 L Lantieri, Linda, 83 Learning to BREATHE (L2B), 76, 79 80, 154 Legislation, 5, 8 M Maharishi Foundation, 9 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, 9 Mantra, 9, 10, 111 Medical benefits, 4 Medical concerns, 107, 108, 148 Medical settings, 31, 107, 108, 113, 115, 116, 127 Meditation affective-directed methods, 3 cognitive-directed methods, 3, 30, 100, 146 loving-kindness, 3 mechanisms of, 27 Null-Directed Methods, 3 4 school-based, 85, 92 94, 98, 99 trait, 95 Meditation methods religious, 3 secular, 3 spiritual, 3 Meditation on the Soles of the Feet, 61, 110, 128 130 Meditative practices, 3, 4, 7, 114 Mental health, 4, 14, 26, 28, 31, 54, 57, 58, 60, 64, 80, 85, 111, 114, 115, 119, 122 Mental health settings, 54, 57, 60, 111, 114, 122 Meta-awareness, 27 Mind Body Awareness Project, The, 133, 136 Mind-body medicine, 4, 6, 10, 11, 14 15, 32, 50, 92, 98, 107, 127, 130 131, 148, 151, 154 Mind-body skills, 54, 98, 130, 131 Mindfulkids, 65 Mindfulness benefits, 47 66 increased, 15, 16, 56, 90, 115 mechanisms of, 26, 27 meditation, 14, 16, 26, 30, 32, 33, 35, 37 39, 49, 55, 61, 83, 87, 94, 108, 132, 133, 134, 135, 152, 160 practices, 3, 4, 6 9, 12, 14, 15, 26, 27, 32, 38, 65, 78, 79, 83, 88, 89, 91, 110, 111, 128 130, 134, 135, 138, 144, 152, 157 skills, 15 16, 39, 51, 53, 56 57, 60, 64, 76, 82, 88, 89, 90, 91, 108, 112, 116, 151, 153, 160 state, 11 training, 8, 15, 53, 56, 57, 108, 110 113, 135, 149, 158 trait, 160 Mindfulness-based breathing awareness, 49, 60 Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), 7, 54, 57, 60, 81, 83, 107 108, 113 115, 148, 150, 152, 153 Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for children (MBCT-C), 108, 113 114, 150 Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), 4, 79, 107 110, 148 Mindfulness-based stress reduction for teens (MBSR-T), 84, 85, 107 109, 150, 153 Mindfulness-based substance abuse treatment program, 60 Mindfulness and meditation programs for adolescents, 6, 16, 27, 47, 55, 57, 66, 127, 145, 154, 158 Mindfulness in Schools Project (MiSP), 76, 80 82, 154
172 INDEX Mindful Schools, 76, 82, 98 MindUP, 76 78 Mixed martial arts, 54, 64, 85, 111 N Negative emotions, 14, 67 Neural activation, 29 Neurobiology, 2 Neurocognitive, 27 Neuro-development, 135 Neurological changes, 48 Neurological development, 145 Neurological implications, 3 Neurological measurements, 160 Neuroscience, 25 30, 48, 50, 55, 59, 61, 63, 76, 89, 99, 110, 112, 115, 119, 130, 136, 145, 152 Non-judgment, 91, 139, 151 Non-suicidal self-injurious behavior, 116, 118 O One-pointedness, 3 Open monitoring, 3 Optimism, 16, 51, 52, 77 78, 89, 90, 159 Outpatient treatment, 116, 119, 121 P Pain, 13 14, 80, 121 123, 149, 154 Parenting stress, 112 Patience, 51, 95, 99 Peace/peaceful/peacefulness, 51, 78, 133, 157 Peer acceptance, 64, 78 Perceived stress, 15, 52, 53, 80, 94, 99, 109, 134, 158 Personal assets, 55 Perspective-taking, 78, 89 Physical distress, 132 Physical health, 49 50, 109, 132 Physical symptoms, 109 Physiological benefits, 48, 49 Physiological functioning, 16, 49, 90, 159 Positive affect, 16, 51, 90, 159 Positive emotions, 53, 67 Positive psychology, 26, 35, 38 39, 119, 160 Positive relationships, 63 Positive thinking, 57, 86, 100 Positive youth development, 2, 26, 35, 38 40, 55, 136, 145, 146, 152, 160 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 8, 30, 53, 54, 98, 99, 131 Practical intelligence, 58, 95 96 Prefrontal cortex, 28 29 Professional education in mindfulness and meditation, 151 Program delivery options mindfulness and meditation programs for adolescents, 40, 150 Progressive muscle relaxation, 83, 94 Prosocial, 15, 27, 64, 78, 158 Prosocial skills, 78, 158 Protective factors, 65 Psychiatric symptoms, 117 Psychoanalytic theory, 31 Psychodynamic group therapy, 117 therapy, 117 treatment, 117 Psychological benefits of meditation, 48 Psychological benefits of mindfulness, 55 Psychological competence, 159 Psychological concerns, 148
INDEX 173 Psychological distress, 66, 98 Psychological factors, 63, 78 Psychological flexibility, 120 122, 157 Psychological functioning, 55 Psychological symptoms, 7, 66, 133 Psychological theories, 29 Psychological trauma, 11 Psychological variables, 50, 78 Psychological well-being, 14, 81 Psychopharmacology, 1 Psychosocial, 31, 91 Psychosocial approach, 31 Psychosocial model, 31 Psychosomatic complaints, 80 Psychotherapy, 113, 122, 134 Puberty, 5 R Rechtschaffen, Daniel, 12, 152 Relaxation, 4, 6, 7, 9 10, 14 15, 29, 50, 51, 87, 89, 92 94, 98, 99, 107, 111, 112, 122, 134, 148, 156 exercises, 93 response, 4, 6, 9, 10, 14 15, 29, 50, 92, 93 94, 107, 148 techniques, 14, 98 Religious roots of mindfulness practices, 4 Research on mindfulness and meditation (adolescents), 40, 50, 146, 158, 160 Research, mindfulness and meditation programs for adolescents, 5, 40, 47 48, 50 Residential settings, 67, 131 132, 147, 149 Resilience/Resiliency, 133, 137, 158 Reviews and meta-analytic studies on meditation and mindfulness, 13 Ryan, Tim, 6, 8 9, 11, 38 S Saltzman, Amy, 12, 150, 152 Samatha, 3 School achievement, 58, 109, 110 climate, 84, 90 functioning, 58 59, 89 settings, 16, 56, 64, 80, 85, 90, 148, 159 School-based mindfulness programs, 15, 52, 53, 59, 75 78, 83 84, 89, 90, 92, 154, 158 School-based settings, 9 Secular mindfulness and meditation practices, 3, 25 Self-acceptance, 62, 63, 80, 89 Self-awareness, 27, 29, 48, 61 63, 67, 83, 88, 89, 100, 131, 134, 136, 137, 144, 154 Self-compassion, 62, 79, 85, 89, 139 Self-efficacy, 33, 38 Self-esteem, 48, 62 63, 67, 94, 99 Self-regulation, 2, 6, 12, 15, 16, 26 29, 32, 34, 48, 50, 51, 55, 59 61, 76, 88, 89, 110, 112, 115, 118, 122, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 137, 149, 154, 158 Self-transcendence, 27 Sleep, 59, 61, 89, 91, 108 109 Social behavior, 133, 137 Social benefits, mindfulness and meditation, 63 Social cohesiveness, 136, 137 Social competencies, 39 Social connectedness, 63, 80, 90 Social contexts, 1, 144 Social development, 55 Social effects, 2 Social-emotional competence, 16, 90, 159 Social and emotional learning programs (SEL), 76, 79, 148
174 INDEX Social factors, 31, 35 Social justice, 135, 158 Social problems, 64, 111, 112 Social relationships, 48, 62 64 Social responsibility, 77 78, 135 Social skills, 16, 90, 158 Social support, 38, 40 South Asian Buddhist Vipassana meditation, 2, 4 Spirituality, 10, 65, 66, 133 Spiritual practices, 2 3 Storm and stress, 5 Stress management, 1, 4, 7, 9, 10, 15, 52 53, 79, 84, 89, 94, 122, 149 reduction, 2, 4, 7, 16, 79, 107 109, 134, 148 levels, 6, 78, 133 Student engagement, enhanced, 84 Substance abuse education, 135 Substance abuse treatment program, 53, 60 Substance use, 135, 139 Sufism in Islam, 2 Suicidal behavior, 116, 118, 119 Suicidal ideation, 16, 52, 90, 116 119, 159 Suicidality, 132, 137 Suicidal thoughts, 88 Systems perspective, 31, 63, 64, 89, 115, 130 Systems theory, 25 T Tai Chi Chuan (Tai Chi), 3, 30, 146, 152 Taoism, 3 Teaching mindfulness and meditation, 35, 143, 146, 150 155, 157 Thoughts decreased negative, 57, 89 increased beneficial, 57, 89 reducing repetitive unconstructive, 57 regulate, 29, 57, 61, 89, 90 Tolerance, 51, 95, 99, 116, 118, 120 Training programs in mindfulness and meditation, 151, 153 Transcendental Meditation, 4, 9, 29, 48, 92, 94 98, 107, 148 Transtheoretical Model of Change (TTM), 25, 33, 34, 35 Trauma, 11, 54, 92, 98, 130 132, 152, 154 Traumatized communities, 7 Trust, 48, 61 63, 67, 89, 113, 136, 138, 144 V Vipassana, 2 4, 133 W Walking meditation, 80, 81, 85, 109, 111, 148 Well-being, 4, 14, 26, 50 52, 65, 78, 80 82, 89, 131, 133, 134, 136, 137 Wellness, 2, 4, 7, 16, 26, 34, 50, 66, 89, 99, 127, 144, 152 Wisdom, 4, 7, 47, 66 Y Yoga, 2, 4, 7, 10, 12, 52, 53, 57, 60, 62, 65, 80, 85, 87, 94, 108, 109, 113, 114, 132, 148, 151, 152 Yoga (in Hinduism), 2 Z Zazen (in Zen Buddhism), 2